Advanced Pathophysiology week 11 response 1

Advanced Pathophysiology week 11 response 1

Title       Advanced Pathophysiology week 11 response 1

Prefered Language style               English (U.S.)

Type of document           Essay

Number of pages/words              1 Page Double Spaced (approx 275 words per page)

Subject area         Nursing

Academic Level Master

Style      APA

Number of sources/references 3

Order description:

Please respond to Traceys post by Share insights on how the factor you selected my factor was behavior impacts the pathophysiology of the disorder your colleague selected.

Offer alternative diagnoses and prescription of treatment options for the disorder your colleague selected.

Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research and use the required readings for at least 2 references

Required Readings

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Chapter 32, “Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems”

This chapter establishes a foundation for examining alterations of reproductive systems by examining the female and male reproductive systems. It covers the development of both reproductive systems and effects of aging on the systems.

Chapter 33, “Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

This chapter covers alterations of the female reproductive systems. It also explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

Chapter 34, “Alterations of the Male Reproductive System”

This chapter covers alterations of the male reproductive systems. It also explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 22, “Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract”

This chapter reviews the normal structure and function of the female reproductive tract. It then examines disorders specific to the female reproductive tract such as menstrual disorders and infertility.

Chapter 23, “Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract”

This chapter reviews the normal structure and function of the male reproductive tract. It then explores disorders specific to the male reproductive tract such as male infertility and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012b). Final course review. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Traceys post

1 day ago Tracey Rusnak

WK 11 Infertility

COLLAPSE

NURS-6501N-15: Advanced Pathophysiology

Disorders of the Reproductive System

Infertility is defined as not being able to conceive after one year or longer of unprotected sex. For a pregnancy to happen, four steps must occur. First, a woman’s body must release an egg from one of her ovaries. Next, sperm must join with the egg and fertilize. This fertilized egg must then go through a fallopian tube towards the uterus. Finally, the fertilized egg must attach to the inside of the uterus. A problem with any of these steps can lead to infertility (CDC, 2018).

Male Infertility

The most common cause of male infertility is due to varicoceles. This refers to an abnormally dilated scrotal vein that causes impaired spermatogenesis by increasing scrotal temperatures, altering testicular blood flow, reducing testicular size, decreasing serum testosterone levels, and damaging DNA (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Sperm production may also be affected by trauma to the testes, anabolic steroid use, heavy alcohol or illicit drug use, cancer treatment, or medical conditions such as diabetes, certain infections, or autoimmune disorders that cause testicular failure. Testing the semen for sperm concentration, motility, and morphology helps determine if the male factor contributes to the infertility (CDC, 2018).

Female Infertility

The ovaries are the female’s primary reproductive organs with its two main functions of secreting sex hormones and releasing ova (eggs). A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have, approximately one to two million at birth. The number of eggs at puberty is decreased to 300,000 to 500,000. The number of eggs continue to diminish until the ovaries atrophy and cease, signaling menopause. Each month, as one of the ovarian follicles reaches maturation and discharges its ovum it develops into the corpus luteum. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum begins to secrete hormones that maintain and support pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, then the corpus luteum degenerates, signaling the menstrual flow and triggers maturation of another follicle (Huether & McCance, 2017).

Any disruption in the ovarian cycle can cause infertility. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common cause of female infertility in which the woman does not ovulate or ovulates irregularly. Diminished ovarian reserve, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and a dysfunction of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands to produce hormones to maintain normal ovarian function are other causes of infertility (CDC, 2018).

The fallopian tubes direct the ova from the spaces around the ovaries to the uterus. The distal third of the fallopian tube is the usual site of fertilization. If an ovum is present in either fallopian tube, and sperm enters, then fertilization can occur. Any obstruction in the fallopian tube that causes difficulty for the sperm or egg to transport can cause infertility. In addition, conditions that cause failure of implantation due to adhesions or edema or the implantation in an inappropriate location can cause infertility (Huether & McCance, 2017. Occlusion can be caused from pelvic infection, history of ruptured appendicitis, gonorrhea or chlamydia, endometriosis, or abdominal surgery (CDC, 2018).

Similarities and Differences

Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have. The production of sperm can be influenced by life style behaviors. Age is a very influential factor for women conceiving due to diminishing quality and quantity of eggs with advanced aging. Smoking, excessive alcohol use, obesity, radiation, environmental exposures and certain medications can affect infertility in both men and women (CDC, 2018).

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Infertility FAQs. Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm

Hammer, G. G., & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical

medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis,