MGMT 7020
Technology and Project Management
2. Conceptual Specification
Recap Week 1
Team Meeting
Technology Module Topic 2:
Concepts & their Specification (for assignment 1)
Picturing a System (thinking about assignment 2)
Data Specification (thinking about assignment 2)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Technology Module – Assignments & topics
1. Architecture
2. Specification
3. Systems
5. Design
4. Organisation
6. Futures
Individual Assignment 1: Technology Topic Report
submit
Read the assignment specifications on Wattle. Re-read them as you proceed.
Stay on top of this work – the module is short, the work intellectually demanding
submit
Team Assignment 2: Technology Case Study Analysis
E
X
A
M
draft
Read the Discussion Forum !
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Searching for literature
Google
ANU Library access to e-books & journals
Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary
Search terms:
use of quotes “…”
synonyms (try a thesaurus)
wordnet
balance being too general with being too specific
The Library can help! Start here: https:// anulib.anu.edu.au /research-learn/finding-resources
Set up your research workbench:
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
The Literature Domain
https://www.rri-tools.eu/-/science-is-not-what-you-think-how-it-has-changed-why-we-can-t-trust-it-how-it-can-be-fixed
Grey literature
Textbook literature
Review papers
Research papers
Wikipedia
(A conceptual framework – one of many possible conceptualisations)
opinion pieces, blogs
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Week 1…The Structure of the Information World (data, information, knowledge)
religions
The law
vocabularies
Informal
Formal
Organic
Deliberative
institutions
cultures
designs
data
discussions
reports
World 2:
Cognition
World 1:
Physical Objects and Events
debates
blogs
theories & models
policies
procedures
rules
social conventions
ontologies
Stable
Ephemeral
hypotheses
Universal
Patterns
Particular
data
Generalised
proposals
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
World 3:
Information
World 1:
Objects and Events
World 2:
Cognition
policeman’s
thoughts
my
thoughts
car
speed
road zone
perception
statements
communication
Motor Traffic Act
reference
GPS
processing
data
Important
Concepts:
satellite
GPS
hardware
Week 1… The 3-Worlds Model.
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Input
Output
Process
Week 1… Input-Process-Output Model.
Storage
Communications
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Internet / web
dbms
tps
wifi
modem
bluetooth
bi
simulation
dss
Photo
shop
Week 1… Technical Architecture
Shows you (an actor) taking a photo on a mobile, using Bluetooth
to transfer it to your computer, editing it in photoshop
and uploaded to facebook via wifi to a modem and cable through
the internet/web.
There a tps hands it to a dbms which stores it in its database.
Later, it is retrieved and sent to Cambridge Analytica which
uses bi software, simulation and a dss to produce information for
An political advisor (or advertiser) to use in persuading you to vote for
a particular candidate.
political advisor
Key:
tps – transaction processing system
dbms – data base management system
bi – business intelligence system
dss – decision support system
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Technical IT
Architecture
(physical
implementation)
Process
input
Week 1… Information Systems Architectural Layers
storage
Human/
Organisation
system
Know-how,
algorithms
Ontologies, Data, Information
Conceptual
Architecture
(conceptual
specification)
output
Physical & organisational
surroundings
The world
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
MGMT 7020
Technology and Project Management
2. Conceptual Specification
Recap Week 1
Team Meeting
Technology Module Topic 2:
Concepts & their Specification (for assignment 1)
Picturing a System (thinking about assignment 2)
Data Specification (thinking about assignment 2)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Concepts
There is a critical difference between a
– a particular thing, and
– a concept of a ‘sort of thing’
A concept is a class, a set, a category which
groups particular things that have attributes in common
Forms of Concept definition:
– strict, defined by its boundaries, members are in or out
– fuzzy, defined by its core, members are more-or-less in or out
Much of our thinking (world 2) is
– about concepts
– relating concepts to each other
– relating concepts to particular things
We think in concepts
We talk and read concepts (world 3)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
An ontology: ‘Explicit representation of conceptualization’ (Guarino et al. 2009)
Specifying our conceptualisation of a domain ..
Used to:
develop common understanding of structures
(e.g. the structure of information among people or systems)
make assumptions explicit
(to avoid and identify gaps in understanding)
analyse and formalise different types of knowledge
(e.g. domain knowledge and technical)
uncover missing knowledge
(to surface biases and weaknesses)
enable machine ‘intelligence’
(Trivago)
A formal vocabulary & conceptual framework for a domain (ie. a semantic network)
A Domain: A coherent structure of concepts, a field of knowledge, …
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Rough Preliminary Conceptual Framework
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Conceptual Structure – a taxonomy
A Hierarchy of concepts https:// en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taxonomy
https://www.earley.com/blog/taxonomy-vs-taxonomy-vs-taxonomy
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Conceptual Frameworks
Every statement we make draws on concepts
Conceptual Structure – example: Building – a Cross-Section Plan
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
1. Find descriptions of the concepts you are interested in (ie. the terms used to describe it)
definitions – dictionaries, indexes and glossaries of textbooks, encyclopaedia,
thesaurii, wikipedia, etc
uses in practice – the literature
note senses … begin to narrow relevance by exclusion of out-of-scope senses
A Method for Conceptual Framework Creation
1b. Look for examples (instances)
Exemplars & Prototypes
Core boundary & non examples (conditions for determination)
Difficult cases
3. Identify surrounding concepts
How are they related?
2. Identify the Taxonomy around the concept
type hierarchies – find parent(s), sibling and child concepts (see wordnet)
1a. Identify attributes of the concept
how would you recognise an example of the concept in the wild?
are attributes observable, measurable? (scalar, polar or fuzzy,…?)
(Assignment 1)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Rough Preliminary Conceptual Framework
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Conceptual Structure – example AI: – Block World
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
workshop: ISF19
loc
city: Canberra
[workshop : ISF19] (loc) [city : Canberra]
Example: The IS Foundations Workshop 2019 is located in Canberra
Conceptual Framework Described Formally 1
A formal ontology and example domain
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
2
2
Conceptual Framework Described Formally 2
General Taxonomy(eg. the Standard Upper Ontology, ebXML, …) :
T > event > act
T > physical-object > animate-object > person
( (subt) abbreviated to “>”, T = top)
General Relationships:
(agnt)agent
(attr)attribute
(inst)instrument
(obj)object
(part)part
(loc)location
(eg. [cat] <- (agnt) <- [sat] -> (loc) -> [mat] )
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
2
2
[author] generic concept, there is an author (or [author:*])
[author : Fred]an individual, the author, Fred
Conceptual Framework Described Formally 3
Workshop Concepts:
T > physical-object > paper
Workshop Definitions:
act > write
[write] -> (agnt) -> [animate]
-> (obj) -> [paper]
Then we can start using the ontology …
[author : Fred] <- (agnt) <- [write] -> (obj) -> [paper:#27]
[workshop : ISF19] (loc) [city : Canberra]
Example from the ‘Workshop’ domain
Workshop Taxonomy:
“Fred wrote paper number 27”
“paper number 27 wrote Fred”
A machine can detect this invalid statement…
and much more
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
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2
Concepts & Ontology
The 3 worlds idea can be seen as an ‘ontological’ theory That is, it posits 3 concepts about the sorts of things that exist: material entities, forces and structures thinking (a process) abstract entities (concepts and relationships)
The Big Ideas
Why Study These?
Because they specifically underlie the key organisational technologies and, more generally, underlie our capacity to understand our world!
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
The Structure of the Information World (data, information, knowledge)
religions
The law
vocabularies
institutions
cultures
designs
data
discussions
reports
World 2:
Cognition
World 1:
Physical Objects and Events
debates
blogs
theories & models
policies
procedures
rules
social conventions
ontologies
proposals
Everything we say (and think?) is
framed in terms of Ontology
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
World 2:
Cognition
World 1:
Physical Objects and Events
Another Word about Concepts … ‘levels of conceptualisation’
Substantive Concepts
Concept Framework
More abstract Frameworks
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
MGMT 7020
Technology and Project Management
2. Conceptual Specification
Recap Week 1
Team Meeting
Technology Module Topic 2:
Concepts & their Specification (for assignment 1)
Picturing a System (thinking about assignment 2)
Data Specification (thinking about assignment 2)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Starts to capture the people in the domain – their interests and natures.
Peter Checkland (2000)
Domain Overview: A Rich Picture
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Domain Overview: A Rich Picture
Starts to capture the Big ideas in the domain
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Domain Overview: A Rich Picture
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Domain Overview: A Rich Picture
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Group Exercise
Last week we started to look at the case study for this semester’s assignment.
Now, using your knowledge of the language of the domain,
start to sketch a rich picture.
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
MGMT 7020
Technology and Project Management
2. Conceptual Specification
Recap Week 1
Team Meeting
Technology Module Topic 2:
Concepts & their Specification (for assignment 1)
Picturing a System (thinking about assignment 2)
Data Specification (thinking about assignment 2)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Data Statements:
The temperature of this room is 22 degrees c
Data & its Modelling
Data
The Object
The Attribute of the Object the data refers to
D = VAO
(data = value of an attribute of an object)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
32
https:// www.youtube.com / watch?v =jV-7Hy-PF2Q&frags=pl%2Cwn
Data & Abstraction
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Data Base Technology
Stores data !
eg. the temperature of this room recorded every 10 mins
eg. all the relevant data relating to you is in the student database
How do we tell a machine what the data is about?
(eg. how does it know 22 is the temperature of this room etc)
We analyse the domain and develop a model of the
SORT of data we want.
Then build systems to capture the actual data and process it…
‘meta-data’
‘data’
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
34
Data model (meta-data):
Diagram of data entities and their relationships
Not the data itself
Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams:
Data models use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data-entities
Provides a global reference to an organization’s data structures.
Useful for designing a database structure, semantic web, etc.
Data & its Modelling
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
35
Owner
medication
Pet
Vet
Practice
Visit
Exercise:
Write an English sentence equivalent to the E-R diagram below.
(A “Vet” is a Veterinary doctor who looks after animals
A “Practice” is a place where a doctor works)
http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/SQLIntro01CD/page_07.htm
This is a data model – a kind of Conceptual Framework
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Entity (a concept, a set, a class):
An Entity is a concept identifying a set of Objects
about which we want to record data.
eg. Employee.
Employee
Meta-Data – Basic Ideas
Attribute:
An Attribute identifies a property all instances of an entity have.
eg.
Employee:
employee number
employee name
employee address
employee salary
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
3
Meta-data & Data
Employee Id # Name Address Salary … u123456 Schmit ???? 800,000 u752034 Sui ???? 55,000 u953745 Craig ???? 60
Employee
meta-data
database
attributes
Entity
instance (data about an object)
data value
A Database Table
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
3
Look at your student cards.
Design meta-data for a ‘student’ entity in the student system
Populate a database with data from your team’s students’ cards
Data – Group Exercise
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Data Model Example
Employee
Employs
Department
An event (world 1) establishes a relationship between objects
eg. Schmit was employed by the Management Department on January 1 2017
The ’employs’ event generated an instance of the ‘Employs’ Entity.
A Database Schema (tables & relationships)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Draw a data model relating
student and course
Team Data Model Exercise
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Data Model with Data
Student Id # Name Photo Expiry date Bar Code u123456 Fred ???? 31/12/20 u752034 Sui ???? 1/1/21 u953745 Sisira ????
Student
Course Id # Semester Lecturer MGMT7020 1/19 …. MGMT7086 2/19 … INFS2016 1/20 …
Course Offering
Enrols
Student d # Course Id # Semester Grade u123456 MGMT7020 1/19 u123456 INFS2016 1/19 u953745 INFS2016 1/19 u123456 MGMT7086 1/19
Data
Data
Data
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Larger Data Model
https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/73433/magento-database-diagram
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Role of Data in Systems
Transaction Processing
data retrieval, Instance creation
Management / Executive Information Systems (MIS/EIS)
data aggregated over time and locations
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
historical data used for prediction, current data for state
Business Intelligence Systems (BI)
Data Analytics
Big Data
square kilometre array …
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
5
5
Obtain a “narrative”
(e.g. from observation, a business analysis, an interview, etc.)
Identify the entities needed
Look for objects (often nouns) in the narrative
Detect the relationships between the entities
Draw an entity model, showing the entities and relationships between them
Determine the attributes for each entity
Test with data
Data Model Development
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
5
5
The Structure of World 3 (data, information, knowledge/theory)
religions
META DATA
vocabularies
institutions
cultures
designs
data
discussions
reports
debates
blogs
theories & models
policies
procedures
rules
social conventions
ontologies
hypotheses
proposals
The law
Instance data
Particular Thing
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
MGMT 7020
Technology and Project Management
2. Conceptual Specification
Recap Week 1
Team Meeting
Technology Module Topic 2:
Concepts & their Specification (for assignment 1)
Picturing a System (thinking about assignment 2)
Data Specification (thinking about assignment 2)
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Technical IT
Architecture
(hardware & bits)
Processing
Units
input &
Information Systems Architectural Layers
storage
Conceptual
Architecture
output
Physical & organisational
surroundings
The world
data
devices
Content
(instance data)
meta-data
Systems
Architecture
Rich Picture
world 3
world 1
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
Assignment 1: First Team Meeting
Team Meeting
Work with your team on assignment 2
– Rich Picture
– Data
– Technical Architecture
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
What to do next …
Start writing assignment 2 … it will be a very iterative process!
– Rich Picture
– Data Modelling
– Technical Architecture
Assignment 1
– start mapping the main concepts in the ontology of your topic.
MGMT 7020 Technology and Project Management
concept-2
relation
concept-1
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