After reading Chapter 14 and reviewing the lecture powerpoint (located in lectures tab), please answer the following questions. Each question must have at least 3 paragraphs and you must use at 3 least references (APA) included in your post.
1. What signs might alert you to a potential professional boundary violation or crossing?
2. Contrast the terms terminal sedation , rational suicide, and physician-assisted suicide.
3. Identify at least 3 moral dilemmas that occur during end-of life care and decision making.
Ethical Issues in Professional Nursing Practice
Chapter 14 Relationships and Professional Ethics
• Nurse–physician relationships
• Nurse–patient–family relationships
– Unavoidable trust
– Boundaries
– Dignity
– Patient advocacy
• Nurse–nurse relationships
The National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s Professional Boundaries in Nursing Video
https://www.ncsbn.org/464.htm
Moral Rights and Autonomy (1 of 2)
• Moral rights are defined as rights to perform certain activities
– Because they conform to accepted standards or ideas of a community
– Because they will not harm, coerce, restrain, or infringe on the interests of others
– Because there are good rational arguments in support of the value of such activities
Moral Rights and Autonomy (2 of 2)
• Two types of moral rights
– Welfare rights
– Liberty rights
• Informed consent
• Patient Self-Determination Act
• Advance directives
– Living will
– Durable power of attorney Social Justice
• Sicilian priest first used term in 1840; in 1848, popularized by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati
• Center for Economic and Social Justice
definition
• John Rawls’ concept of veil of ignorance
• Robert Nozick’s concepts of entitlement
system
Allocation and Rationing of
Healthcare Resources
• Does every person have a right to health care?
• How should resources be distributed so
everyone receives a fair and equitable share of
health care?
• Should healthcare rationing ever be considered
as an option in the face of scarce healthcare
resources? If so, how?
Organ Transplant Ethical Issues
• Moral acceptability of transplanting an
organ from one person to another
• Procurement of organs
• Allocation of organs
– Justice
– Medical utility
Balanced Caring and Fairness
Approach for Nurses (1 of 2)
• Encourage patients and families to express
their feelings and attitudes about ethical issues
involving end-of-life, organ donation, and
organ transplantation
• Support, listen, and maintain confidentiality
with patients and families
• Assist in monitoring patients for organ needs
Balanced Caring and Fairness
Approach for Nurses (2 of 2)
• Be continually mindful of inequalities and
injustices in the healthcare system and how the
nurse might help balance the care
• Assist in the care of patients undergoing surgery
for organ transplant and donation patients and
their families
• Provide educational programs for particular
target populations at a broader community level
Definitions of Death
• Uniform Determination of Death Act definition of
death: “An individual who has sustained either (1)
irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory
functions or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions
of the entire brain, including the brain stem is dead.
A determination of death must be made in
accordance with accepted medical standards.”
• Traditional, whole-brain, higher brain, personhood.
Euthanasia
• Types of euthanasia:
– Active euthanasia
– Passive euthanasia
– Voluntary euthanasia
– Nonvoluntary euthanasia
• Blending of types may occur
• “Is there a moral difference between actively
killing and letting die?”
Rational Suicide
• Self-slaying
• Categorized as voluntary active euthanasia
• Person has made a reasoned choice of rational
suicide, which seems to make sense to others at
the time
– Realistic assessment of life circumstances
– Free from severe emotional distress
– Has motivation that would seem understandable to
most uninvolved people within the community
Palliative Care
• Approach that improves the quality of life of
patients associated with life-threatening illness,
through prevention and relief of suffering
• Do-not-resuscitate order:
– There is no medical benefit that can come from
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
– The person has a very poor quality of life before CPR
– The person’s life after CPR is anticipated to be very
poor
Rule of Double Effect
• Use of high doses of pain medication to lessen
the chronic and intractable pain of terminally
ill patients even if doing so hastens death
• Critical aspects of the rule:
– The act must be good or at lease morally neutral
– The agent must intend the good effect not the evil
– The evil effect must not be the means to the good
effect
– There must be a proportionally grave reason to risk
the evil effect
Deciding for Others
• A surrogate, or proxy, is either chosen by
the patient, is court appointed, or has other
authority to make decisions
• Three types of surrogate decision makers:
– Standard of substituted judgment
– Pure autonomy standard
– Best interest standard
Withholding and Withdrawing
Treatment: 3 Cases
• Case 1: Karen Ann Quinlan
• Case 2: Nancy Cruzan
• Case 3: Terri Schiavo
Terminal Sedation
• “When a suffering patient is sedated to
unconsciousness…the patient then dies of
dehydration, starvation, or some other
intervening complication, as all other life-
sustaining interventions are withheld”
• Has been used in situations when patients
need relief of pain to the point of
unconsciousness
Physician-Assisted Suicide
• Act of providing a lethal dose of medication for
the patient to self-administer
• Oregon Nurses Association special guidelines
related to the Death with Dignity Act
– Maintaining support, comfort, and confidentiality
– Discussing end-of-life options with patient and family
– Being present for patient’s self-administration of
medication and death
– Nurses may not administer the medication
– Nurses may not refuse care to the patient or breach
confidentiality
End-of-Life Decisions and Moral
Conflicts with the Nurse
• Communicating truthfully with patients about death due to
fear of destroying all hope
• Managing pain symptoms because of fear of hastening
death
• Feeling forced to collaborate relative to medical treatments
that in the nurses’ opinion are futile or too burdensome
• Feeling insecure and not adequately informed about
reasons for treatment
• Trying to maintain their own moral integrity
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