Outline for argumentation essay
Introduction (1 paragraphs)
Paragraph 1 The Introduction Provide a context for your topic and a roadmap of your general argument. Either use a quote or hook to introduce your topic. You should also articulate ( (implicitly or explicitly) an audience for your text. Who are the specific people who would be reading this. The last sentence in this section or paragraph should be a version of your research question in a statement form or thesis, such as “Because of all these problems, we need to determine whether or not abortion should be illegal.”
Thesis: Argument + outline. (3 points.)
Paragraph 2-4: The Body: Lay out your argument in three separate paragraphs.
Paragraph 2: Topic sentence 1. Points of support, quotes, elaboration.
Paragraph 3: Topic sentence 2. Points of support, quotes, elaboration.
Paragraph 4: Topic sentence 3. Points of support, quotes, elaboration.
Paragraph 5: The opposing position: Recognize and layout one position (or three positions) of counter argument to your point.
Paragraph 5: Topic sentence: However, it is true that…
Paragraph 6: The rebuttal Respond to the refutation and state how your argument takes into account this other position (s).
Paragraph 6: Topic sentence: The criticism(s) listed above is/are valid. At the same time it is important to …
Paragraph 7: The conclusion: Finish out your essay by restating your thesis, lay out the points and state the ways work can be done in the future to develop this point further.
Additional points: Lay out a series of questions for your peer reviewer. What are the areas you need help with? What are the specific areas of grammar and organization you want your partners to pay attention to? What additional questions do you think you might benefit from getting answered?
How is your essay relating to the rubric for the assignment? How is it fulfilling the criteria laid out in the rubric? How is it following the steps laid out in the assignment sheet?
Argumentative Essay Model
Jane Smith
Professor Nicole Wilson English 101.004
22 November 2011
Television: The Most Destructive Family Member
Televisions have evolved ever since their introduction into family homes in the 1920s. Numerous improvements have caused televisions’ popularity to rise. However, as televisions become nearly ubiquitous, so have the negative effects of television viewing. Television viewing has caused families to disregard productive activities, lose focus on building familial relationships, and minimize social interactions.
While family members once pursued sports, musical instruments, and other productive activities, many of these have been replaced with sitting on the couch in front of the television. The Bureau of Labor Statistics provided information about the time spent by Americans in leisure activities. Of the participants surveyed, the average amount of time spent participating in sports, exercise, and recreation is 17 minutes on weekdays and 20 minutes on weekends and holidays. Meanwhile, television watching consumed an average of 2 hours and 37 minutes on weekdays and 3 hours and 19 minutes on weekends and holidays (United States Department of Labor). To make the multiple hours of television worse, watching television lures people into becoming stationary and encourages the consumption of unhealthy snacks through a barrage of food advertisements (Carroll 87-94). Because the statistics show that the time spent on physical activity is a mere 10% of the time spent watching television, the negative effects of watching television will overpower any positive benefits of exercise even if a person does both activities.
As family members lose interest in beneficial activities, they also lose interest in each other as they devote more time to television viewing. Instead of parents choosing to spend time with their children after work, they often try to squeeze in time to watch the news before dinner. Instead of children choosing to spend time with their parents after school, they often watch television before or while finishing their homework. The Bureau of Labor Statistics released a summary of time spent on certain activities in households with married parents. In a household in which both parents work full-time, the average amount of time spent caring for and helping household children is 1 hour and 12 minutes on the mother’s part and 47 minutes on the father’s part. In comparison, the average amount of time spent watching television is 1 hour and 26 minutes and 2 hours and 3 minutes for the mother and father respectively (United States Department of Labor). This reveals that even parents, especially the father, would rather spend time with characters on a screen than their own children. Because the father is typically the role model for the children, especially young boys, his example may be assumed as proper behavior and followed by the children. In Steve Farrar’s book King Me: What Every Son Wants and Needs from His Father, the author explains, “When boys don’t connect with their dads, bad things happen to them. Real bad things…more young people [suffer] from mental illness, emotional distress, and behavioral problems” (40). This makes the huge difference between the amount of time spent with children and the amount of time spent watching television even more alarming.
As family members lose interest in one another, it is almost a certainty that they also reduce their social interactions with people outside of the family. This could be a result of a person’s desire to devote more time to watching television. However, the bigger problem could be that television alters a person’s perception of how to interact with other people instead of two-
dimensional figures seen on a television screen. Bruno Bettelheim, a child psychologist and writer, observes:
Children who have been taught, or conditioned, to listen passively most of the day to the warm verbal communications coming from the TV screen, to the deep emotional appeal of the so-called TV personality, are often unable to respond to real persons because they arouse so much less feeling than the skilled actor. Worse, they lose the ability to lean from reality because life experiences are much more complicated than the ones they see on screen. (Winn 211-212)
Therefore, a person who loses interest in socializing with other people may not be doing so simply because he or she would prefer watching television. Instead, he or she may be losing the ability to interact with other people because they have grown accustomed to communicating to characters on television instead.
Opponents of these views present several arguments. They emphasize that television is educational, especially for young children. They also claim that television viewing provides families the perfect opportunity to bond. Furthermore, they argue that television is beneficial because it allows a person to relax by acting as a diversion from stress.
However, these views may easily be refuted. While there are numerous educational shows available for children, how many parents actually make sure that children watch only those specific programs? In a national survey, results showed that a mere 15% of parents have used the V-Chip, a system that comes standard in all televisions that allows parents to block inappropriate television shows and leave only the educational ones (“Parents” 7). Therefore, although children could benefit from watching certain programs, education is not the main purpose of the television for children and parents. Although using television-viewing time to
bond as a family may have been more common when televisions were relatively new and expensive, families have neglected that practice as televisions became more affordable. More than 66% of all U.S. households have three or more television sets (Dutwin 60-62). Realistically, a family does not place multiply televisions in the same room, which eliminates the idea of
family bonding while watching television. Instead, family members are divided while watching their own shows on their own television set. Finally, it is undeniable that watching television gives a person time to relax. However, relaxing can turn into several hours of sedentary television viewing. In fact, research has shown that brain activity reduces when watching television. Alpha waves are activity waves in the human brain that are associated with meditation, relaxation, and, according to research, watching television. However, when the brain is in a state of low alpha waves for a long period of time, it can cause a loss of concentration for an average of thirty minutes afterward. This is because of the alpha waves’ ability to isolate the brain from any focused mental activities (Dutwin 44-47). Therefore, even after the television is turned off, the brain is still suffering from what is commonly referred to as “brain fog.” This could even endanger people—especially if the chosen activity after watching television is something that requires concentration and coordination, like driving.
In conclusion, television causes families to neglect other constructive activities; it causes families to believe that building familial relationships is unimportant; and it causes family members to reduce social interactions with others. Advocates for television disregard the reality that young children are still exposed to non-educational programming and that watching television is no longer a “family experience.” Without a doubt, television has become destructive for the family unit and will only continue its reign of terror as more advanced technology is discovered.
Works Cited
Carroll, Jamuna, ed. Television: Opposing Viewpoints. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. 87-94.
Print.
Dutwin, David. Unplug Your Kids: A Parent’s Guide to Raising Happy, Active, and
Well-Adjusted Children in the Digital Age. Avon: Adams Media, 2009. 60-62. Print. “Parents, Media, and Public Policy.” Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004. 7.
Print.
United States. Dept. of Labor. “Married Parents’ Use of Time Summary.” Bls.gov. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008. Web. 18 Nov 2010. <http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus 2.nr0.htm>
Winn, Marie. “Television: The Plug-In Drug.” The Blair Reader. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 7th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. 207-214. Print.
Annotated Bibliography Model
Herman, Joan L. and Jamal Abedi. “Assessing the Effects of Standardized Testing on Schools.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 54 (Summer 2004): 471-482. Print.
This article gives statistical data collected from upper elementary teachers in 48 different schools. 450 questionnaires were sent to the teachers to get information on what they thought of standardized testing. Questions included: how much pressure is felt from the principal or school district, how much time is spent reviewing for standardized tests, and to what extent changes in test scores are due to a change in instruction. The surveys were given out to all types of schools, poor and wealthy, and approximately 341 were received back. This article will provide me the background to talk about issue the video is analyzing. [Scholarly Peer Reviewed Journal]
Morse, Jodie, et al. “Is That Your Final Answer?” Time. 19 June 2002: 28-32. Print.
This article discusses the uproar that teachers, students, and even some principals are in because the standardized testing is beginning to be mandated for graduation from high school and for children to move on to the next grade. Students are signing petitions and marching on city halls around the United States. Students and teachers are protesting by walking out of tests and helping students with answers. Because of the high-stakes associated with standardized tests cheating is now occurring and problems are arising every day. This will provide me evidence to show how schools are changing to meet requirements set by the federal government and the problems these changes are causing, a topic the video uses to support its points. [News/Magazine Article]
Yardley, Jim. “A Test is Born.” New York Times 5 October 2004: A20. Print.
This article details how a test is made. A reporter was allowed to report on how Psychological Corporation, the company that makes the Stanford 9s, comes up with their exams. Tests can take years to produce, and much hard work and thought goes into making these tests as fair as possible. In just a few years, it is projected that over 26 states will require a test to graduate, keeping companies that publish the tests in business. This will provide me evidence of how the process of making tests is very local and this often results in issues when adapting it to other schools. This is also something the video talks about. [News/Magazine Article]
Invited Contributor. “Correcting a Harmful Misuse of Students’ Test Scores.” Education Week – Assessing the Assessments, Editorial Projects in Education, 3 June 2014, blogs.edweek.org/edweek/assessing_the_assessments/2014/06/correcting_a_harmful_misuse_of_students_test_scores.html.
This blog concludes: The higher the stakes associated with the use of an educational test’s results, the greater should be the scrutiny given to both the accuracy of score-based interpretations and to the appropriate usage of the test’s results. The writer, an expert and faculty in a California university, looks at how tests are not designed to be instructionally sensitive. That is, it does not account for the specific way a teacher teaches and how individual classes must make its own way of learning to take advantage of the skills and situations of that classroom. This is useful because it talks about how all tests are too standard to take into account individual teaching differences. [Website or Blog]
Tips for Developing a Research Question
1.Research questions that begin with “How” or “Why” are usually better than those that begin with“Who,” “Where,” or “When.”
BEST
GOOD
LESS GOOD
How
Why
What
Who
Where
When
2.The question should include two or more aspects, concepts, or variables. The concepts may be phrased in relationship to each other, such as:
Why does ______________ effect ___________________?
What is the role of ______________ in _______________?
How is the use of ____________in ___________ managed?
3. Consider approaches:
Historic – consider a time period“How have gender roles changed since World War II ?”
Geographical – consider a geographical area “How are gender roles expressed in Eastern urban areas of the USA compared to the rural Midwest?”
Sociological – consider a group of people“How do gender roles within the African American community impact child-rearing practices?”
Prepared by Barbara Cheadle, Librarian, Bowie State University 11/2018
ENGLISH 102: PEER EDITING FOR ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
AUTHOR’SNAME:________________________________________________Section:_____________
PEER REVIEWER’SNAME:_____________________________________________________________
ESSAY TITLE:_________________________________________________________________________
Does the essay take a stand?What is it?
Underline the thesis on the writer’s paper.Does the writer present a three-point or closed thesis at the end of the introductory paragraph?
Does the writer discuss each point of his or her thesis statement in the correct order?Write each point below and circle yes or no in reference to each question.
Point/Claim A:________________________is it discussed in paragraph 2? Does it use
evidence? Is the exposition effective?
yesno
Point/Claim B:________________________is it discussed in paragraph 3? Does it use
evidence? Is the exposition effective?
yesno
Point/Claim C:________________________is it discussed in paragraph 4? Does it use
evidence? Is the exposition effective?
yesno
Does the writer use transition words effectively for the body paragraphs? If not, provide a list of transition words.
Does the writer have an opposing view paragraph?If yes, answer question 5—Ifno, answer question 8.
Does the opposing view paragraph begin with the following statement or does it use other transitional words or phrases:
“Opponents of these views present the valid arguments.”yesno
Does the writer present points in the opposing view that correlate with each point? Does it provide evidence to support the point? If yes, answer question 7—If no, answer question 8.
Does the writer have a paragraph of refutation?If yes, answer question 9—Ifno, answer question 11.
Does the writer present evidence in the counterpoint to the opposing view paragraph?If yes, answer question 10—Ifno, answer question 11.
How effective are the writer’s refutation?What other arguments should the writer address? Does it use transitional words effectively
Circle the word “you” and “we” each time that they are used in the essay.Suggest one way that this problem can be eliminated.
How could the introduction be improved?
How could the conclusion be improved?
What would you add to make the essay more convincing? Look at the grading rubric attached to the assignment sheet to provide specific feedback.
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