Student’s name GEOG1191_Assignment 5

Question 1: Discussion of Terms

1. World Systems and Dependency Theories

World system theories define inter-regional, transnational, and national division of labor that split the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. The primary focus of core countries is high skill- and capital-intensive production, while periphery countries’ focus is on low-skill and labor-intensive production, and raw material extraction. Consequently, core countries dominate the world. However, technological revolution can change the status of a country from periphery to core country. Periphery countries comprise developing countries, while core countries comprise developed countries. Examples of core countries are the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, France, Israel, Japan, and most of West Europe. Periphery countries include, but are not limited to, African countries excepting South Africa, India, Latin America excepting Brazil and Mexico that are semi peripheries, and most Middle East countries.

The dependency theory relates to the argument that core countries exploit periphery countries, i.e., third world nations, to enrich themselves, while the latter remain poorer and often, powerless. Proponents of this theory contented that resources originate from periphery or underdeveloped nations and end up in the core or developed countries, enriching the latter at the expense of the former (Norton & Mercier, 2016). As a result, periphery nations continue to depend on core nations. 3

2. Population Density

Population density denotes the degree of population distribution or clusters in a particular area, country, region, or the world (Malpezzi, 2013). It is the total number of people living in a unit area. In some situation, the density can be even, while in others, it can be uneven. For instance, Canada’s population density is unevenly distributed; cities have high population density, while larger areas have low density. The 2014 single statistics produced a population density of 3.5 people per square km. despite a combination of large unpopulated and relatively small-populated areas (Norton & Mercier, 2016). Nonetheless, one can infer that population density refers to how number of people living in a particular place, or, in other words, how populated an area is. 3

3. S-shaped Curve

An S-shaped curve occurs when the process of growth starts slowly, then increases rapidly or exponentially, and then levels up at the peak. In other words, before high population density in an area is achieved, the population starts growing at a low momentum but in a positive acceleration during the early phases, after which it reached a climax/top-speed growth rate that is rapid. After the rapid increase, the growth reduces in a negative acceleration to a level where the population achieves stability or equilibrium and stabilizes with no more growth. 3

4. Malthusian Theory

The Malthusian theory is premised on the idea that humanity needs food for its continued existence. Similarly, sexual intercourse between opposite sexes is a necessity for the continuation of the species. However, the rate of population growth is higher than the rate of food production. Consequently, according to Malthus, population will rise to reach a point where it will surpass resource growth, such as food production or availability, putting stress on the means of subsistence. Nevertheless, in theory, if human rationality is something to go by, methods such as family planning and moral restraints such as deliberately delayed marriages and singlehood can be adopted, reducing fertility rates, which might end up correcting the population-food imbalance. On the contrary, people cannot voluntarily use such methods, and hence natural forces such as war, famine, flood, and disease continue to keep human population at a manageable level. The theory warned humanity of the likelihood of an impending catastrophe owing to unchecked population growth. For example, the world wars II and II started because nations could not solve their conflicts over resources. He did not anticipate the dramatic increase in food production. 2

5. Refugee

A refugee is a foreign national forced to leave own country because of being affected by war, persecution by the state, or natural disaster. A person is considered a refugee when they unwillingly leave their home country to seek safe haven elsewhere because the situation in their home country makes life untenable. Therefore, such people go to stay in another country as they wait for normalcy to return to their country of origin. Syrians leaving their homes in Syria to seek safety in Europe and Turkey are refugees. 3

Question 2

Population growth models play an important role in explaining various population dynamics affecting different species or organisms (Mateo, Arroyo, & Garcia, 2016). Similarly, they help in research to create a correlation with decrease or increase in population and its impact on the environment. Such models facilitate the understanding of complex processes and interactions in nature. In this regard, modeling in nature provides manageable mechanisms for scientists to understand changes in the population size in a given time period and to make sense of these changes. Therefore, population modeling is used a tool for identifying certain patterns related to population change (Hastings, 2013). For instance, it is possible to study the impact of population increase or decrease on the environment. Similarly, through modeling, patterns will emerge showing the effects that a change in the population of one species has on other species as well as intra-species implications. Hastings (2013) explains how modeling of human population improved the understanding of demography, which tells about a country’s population composition, resource use, population growth rate, population density and distribution, as well as age and life expectancy. Additionally, demographics are vital in policymaking, national planning and resource allocation. This vitality explains the value of population modeling. Creating an appropriate population model is expected to improve the understanding of the factors that drive population growth, and scientists gain knowledge concerning resource usage and consequence of population growth on the environment.

There are five primary models explaining population growth and its effects on natural resources. These models are the S-shaped Curve, Malthusian theory, Marxist theory, Boserup theory, and the Demographic transition. The S-shaped curve model explains that when an area’s population density starts increasing, it begins slowly in a positive acceleration manner, followed by rapid growth so that it reaches exponential growth rate before leveling up to a point of equilibrium, that is, zero growth rate (Tobin & Dusheck, 2005; Forman, 1997). The zero growth rate is also known as the carrying capacity. The negative acceleration comes into play because environmental resistance increases in times of high population density. For this model to be effective, it is produced under controlled experimental conditions. However, Norton and Mercier (2016) contend that even though population growth may begin slow and then acquire momentum, it is normal for plant and animal population to remain steady at the top. Sometimes, the final stage of growth can involve some oscillations. Even as the S-shaped curve can predict growth, it fails to take into account external factors such as economic and cultural factors. For instance, in view of fertility issues, the human decision to control birth rates willfully can affect population stability, while natural law cannot do so.

Mishra (1995) and Yamaguchi (2014) explain that according to Malthusian theory, human population growth happens at geometrical progression, and would therefore outstrip human capabilities of food production as this increases arithmetically. As a result, the land resource, which is the source of food, directly restricts population growth, density, and size. When population outruns subsistence resources such as food, the imbalance is corrected by preventive checks comprising moral restraints such as delayed marriage, family planning, and celibacy (Van Bavel, 2013). However, Norton and Mercier (2016) explain that since people are unable to use such methods, positive checks like famine, natural disasters such as floods and drought, war, and disease increase mortality rates, and work to reduce population. Consequently, human population is reduced to environmentally sustainable levels. The underlying assumption is that natural resources such as land are fixed, making it hard to increase food production. The theory’s shortfall lies in focusing on food production technologies alone, while ignoring the effects of technological changes and their effects on the environment. Moreover, Malthusian theory does not discuss the consequence of population change on the environment or food production technologies.

Esther Boserup’s theory criticizes Malthusianism and holds that increase in population pressure results in innovation and technological changes. As a result, land is put to better use, and production rates, quantity and quality increase. Land intensification ensured forest or fallow land is transformed into multiple cropping feed that help increase food reserves to feed the growing population (Mishra, 1995). However, the challenge of the Boserup model is that while food production increases at an overall level, it decreases at a per capita level. The decrease in production results from high population density, which in turn raises poverty levels, and leads to limited application of agricultural technologies. The Boserup model’s application is limited to underdeveloped society that practice subsistence farming and production (Norton & Mercier, 2016). Even though the model seems to suggest that populations can continue to grow, the Malthusian argument that the earth has a limited carrying capacity appeals to many.

Marxist theory, as postulated by Karl Marx, holds that population growth is directly related to the prevailing mode of production practiced in a society or country. From a Marxist perspective, capitalism is the primary source of poverty and not population growth, as suggested by Malthus. Marx argued that capitalism increased social inequality by promoting unjust distribution of resources, thereby increasing poverty (Norton & Mercier, 2016). Subsequently, he held that increasing poverty level only helps to increase surplus population made up of surplus-unemployed workers who are a reserve labor force. Existence of such labor force keep wages low and profits high for the owner/s of the means of production. Basically, increase in social inequality acted in favor of the few. The Marxist theory falls short of explaining how production systems perpetuate social inequalities; it does not discuss on the effects of population growth on resources.

The demographic transition model explains population shift from high to low mortality and issues of fertility because of social and economic changes and developments. It infers that since mortality rate go down before a reduction in fertility, the population of a given organism, that is, humans, tends to increase rapidly and reach exponential growth (Van Bavel, 2013). This demographic transition becomes complete when mortality and fertility rates stabilize at low levels (Mishra, 1995). Unlike other models of population growth, the demographic transition model is more realistic considering that it is based on facts as opposed to relying on general assumptions. The disadvantage of this model is that since it is generally descriptive, it does not give strong and emphatic hypothesis on population-resource relationship. However, this model is better suited to explain population growth because elements such as technology changes, resource availability, economic and social factors, and the environment affect population growth. Based on observation of western countries, so may not apply everywhere.

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Question 3

Figure 1: 2015 Population Pyramid of Canada P

Figure 2: 2015 Population Pyramid of Nunavut P

Figure 3: 2015 Population Pyramid of British Columbia  P

1. Canada and British Columbia have a beehive-shaped population structure due to a diminishing birthrate and an expanding middle-aged population. The two are comparable in terms of life expectancy and aging population. Nunavut, on the other hand, has a predominately youthful population and is seen to have a higher birthrate compared to British Columbia and Canada. P
2. Over the next 20 years, it is likely that Nunavut’s high birthrate will decline, as the government will have put in place measures to curb population growth or bring down supply of labor. A large base today, which will be moving into their reproductive years, so this would take some time. Likewise, since a huge proportion of the British Columbia’s middle-aged population will be aging, authorities will strive to find ways to take corrective measures to increase the birthrate or encourage immigration to avert a situation of jobs remaining unfilled.
3. In 10 years from now, there is like to be a shortage of workers in British Columbia. Without immigration – puts pressure on services etc.However, the opposite is true for Nunavut, which currently has a high birthrate. It will have more people of working age with a limited number of job opportunities. Or, plenty of people available to engage in the workforce and support the elderly and young.

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Question 4

After the industrial revolution, humans were able to enhance their living standards. The human factor as the main source of labor reduced in importance, and production increased. Progress into the 21^st century led to the age of technology and scientific development, and then to the age of manufacturing. Even production methods continuously evolved, helping to improve the quality of production. Consequently, satisfaction levels went up. People now had enough to eat and live in healthy conditions, a fact that quickly led to population explosion (van Bavel, 2013). However, of greater concern are the long-term negative effects of industrialization on the environment. Issues like overexploitation of natural resources and environmental pollution emerged after the industrial revolution.

According to van Bavel (2013), industrial pollution and energy needs, which emanate from human activity, are the primary cause of environmental degradation, especially in developing countries. Its precipitator is the need for cheap energy to fuel economic growth. Consequently, developing countries opt to use fossil fuels as petroleum and coal that produce immersed smoke particles that are recipe for environmental pollutants. Industrial pollution can affect water, air, soil, wildlife, and even cause global warming. For instance, the hot water from thermal power plants adversely affects aquatic life in rivers and oceans (Emmott, 2013). The 21^st century is known for its vast use of machinery and technologies, which has led to increased demand and consumption of energy. Correspondingly, energy use and production is a major contributor to global warming and accounts for a substantial figure of human-induced gas emissions that hurt the environment.

Industries require large volumes of water for their operations. Resultantly, water is exposed to radioactive material and other harmful chemicals, water that finds its way back to the rivers, lakes, and oceans. The result is that manhumans or people, animals, and fish are exposed to harmful substances, resulting in death and extinction. Similarly, people are also exposed to health hazards because farmers use water for irrigation. Subsequently, the soil becomes polluted and the vegetation is destroyed. On a similar note, air pollution by industries leads to a gradual destruction of the atmosphere. Industrialization is a capitalist economic system, targeting maximization of profit and increase productivity. People use toxic fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation practices that affect the environment, with the sole aim of making profit and not caring about the consequences. Worryingly, natural patterns have changes and some others collapse making it hard for some species of plants, microorganisms, and animals to become extinct. The idea is that as factories develop, they take up spaces occupied by other animals, leaving them without a habitat and struggling to survive.

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UNDESA) (2015) revealed in 2010 that with a population of 7 billion, the world’s population has increased by close to 1 billion within 12 years. The UNDESA forecast reveal that by 2050 the population will be 9.3 billion. It is projected that the population will continue to grow, especially in Africa because of high fertility rates (van Bavel, 2013). Energy, water, and food needs, and additional pollution and waste problems increase with the introduction of a new life. These changes are happening at the expense of extinction of wildlife, desertification, rising sea levels, and climate changes. Populations are sustained by natural capital that includes biodiversity, fisheries, forests, soil fertility, minerals and fossil fuels but not sustainable natural income (Emmott, 2013). Cheap water and oil are the major drivers of food supply but oil prices have been on the rise while vital aquifers are been drained by irrigation. Therefore, as the total global population increases the ability of the Earth to sustain people shrinks due to resource depletion. Emmott (2013) states that by 2000 the population was 6 billion, yet pollution was high due agriculture, land use and production, and processing and transportation. Indeed, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase because of such activities, and climate change will continue because of population growth-related and excessive resource use activities.

People are inspired by the need to improve, expand, and use more resources in a populous world. The high value placed on people’s lives creates increasing human population, while simultaneously threatening the existence of other species that are seen as not having similar value. PTo sustain large populations, industrialization continues to emphasize mass production from different resources at a faster rate than what is natural. Similarly, energy consumption is directly affecting both plant and animal life through pollution. Issue of overconsumption vs. need?

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Question 5

Norton and Mercier (2016) state how human population was forecast to exceed the world’s carrying capacity and lead to eventual population and economic breakdown. Citing Ehrlich (1968), they argued that by 2000, resources available to humans would deplete, resulting in an increased competition for the meager resources, and perhaps leading to nuclear war, pandemic, and widespread famine. In other words, continuous population growth will lead to crowding and overpopulation that result in excessive resource usage and eventual scarcity. Overpopulation occurs when a species’ population exceeds its carrying capacity in a given geographical area. In that case, the earth’s human population is not overpopulated because resources are not exhausted or are at a level of rendering human population unsustainable. Additionally, it a small portion of the earth’s land is occupied by people, meaning that there is plenty of mass land awaiting settlement. Some scientists argue that when the entire 7.3 billion people are placed in some U.S state like Texas, they cannot overpopulate it to an extent where they cannot survive. Based on this argument, the world cannot be described as overpopulated.

However, economist Thomas Malthus had predicted that human population would grow such that the food supply would not be able to meet demand (Norton & Mercier, 2016). As a result, there would be a shortage of food, terrible famines, and many people would die. Today, the world population stands at 7.3 billion but people still thrive (UNDESA, 2015). From the Malthusian approach, this would not have been possible because of overuse of resources to support everyone. However, countries like Japan, which are not resources-rich, continue to flourish because people are its primary resource (Norton & Mercier, 2016). The problem with Malthusian theory is that at the time of its formulation, neither had industrial development been fully implemented nor the use of fertilizers and pesticides initiated. Technological advancement has helped multiply the quality and quantity of food produced and along with it, the ability for the human population to feed comfortably. Therefore, the world has not been overpopulated.

Unlike the Malthusian theory, under the Marxist theory, population has to be considered by relating it to prevailing mode of production of a society. The Marxist view saw the latter as a representation of the bourgeois view whose aim was maintaining social inequality. Malthus viewed population growth as a recipe for poverty, while Marx blamed it on capitalism (Norton & Mercier, 2016). Therefore, according to Marx, if capitalism is done away with and resources are evenly distributed, then population will not cause poverty. However, while Malthus’s concern was how overpopulation relates to food scarcity, Marx focused on how capitalism was using the surplus to keep wages low and profits high.

Boserup’s theory is concerned with changes and response of subsistence farmers’ societal changes. The argument was that farmers select farming systems that maximize their leisure time and can only change these systems in response to population changes, necessitating increases in food production (Norton & Mercier, 2016). Subsequently, food production technology and innovations will evolve to match the populations’ needs. Increase in population increases the number of mouths to feed while the fear of starvation motivates individuals to improve on the farming methods. As a result, new better and efficient technologies of food production are invented. Therefore, population increase acts as a catalyst that propels production surplus food that can sustain the existing population through agricultural intensification. Based on this approach, it is possible to argue that humans are able to respond promptly to any form of eventuality in the world environment. As long as supply meets demand, the planet cannot be overpopulated. Furthermore, population growth has slowed because of increased use of advanced medicines and access to contraceptives in the developing countries, while it is stagnant or falling in advanced economies.

The demographic transition model discusses changing fertility and mortality rates in the more contemporary world. It postulates that birth and death rates decrease, as life expectancy and living standards increase (Norton & Mercier, 2016). Common social factors associated with these changes include decreased need for children, women’s entry, and desire for formal careers, and late marriages. As a result, the birth rates have been on the decline, especially in the developing economies. In this sense, the decline in population growth has led to a reduction in the chances of overpopulation. In fact, one can argue that population reduction will lead to a revamp of resourcing. The S-shaped curved model, which is an experimental model, is scientific evidence that the population growth process starts slowly, and then gains rapid momentum, before leveling up at the peak. However, in the natural setting such occurrences are unlikely, because there are no controlled conditions. In practice, there tends to be an oscillation between increase and slowdown. In the case of human population, the oscillation may be caused not by nature but by human decision. Therefore, based on this model, the state of a population will be determined by the people.

But what about the impacts our current population is having on ecosystems and biodiversity?

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References

Emmott, S. (2013). Humans – the real threat to life on Earth. The Guardian, Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/30/stephen-emmott-ten-billion

Forman, R. T. T. (1997). Land mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hastings, A. (Ed.). (2013). Population biology: Concepts and models. New York, U.S: Springer Science & Business Media.

Malpezzi, S. (2013). Population density: Some facts and some predictions. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(3), 183-201.

Mateo, R., Arroyo, B., & Garcia, J. T. (2016). Current trends in wildlife research. Switzerland: Springer International

Mishra, V. (1995). A conceptual framework for population and environment research. Working paper. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

Norton, W., & Mercier, M. E. (2016). Human geography. [9^thed]. Ontario: Oxford University Press.

Tobin, A. J., & Dusheck, J. (2005). Asking about life. Belmont, CA: Thomson, Brooks/Cole.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World population prospects: The 2015 revision, key findings and advance tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241.

Van Bavel, J. (2013). The world population explosion: causes, backgrounds and projections for the future. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, 5(4), 281–291. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National University of Medicine.

Yamaguchi, M., & Kinugasa, T. (2014). Economic analyses using the overlapping generations model and general equilibrium growth accounting for the Japanese economy: Population, Agriculture and Economic Development. Singapore: World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 9011, September.

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Assignment 4: Stakeholder Responsibilities in Consumer Protection (15%; 100 marks total)

Introduction

In this module, you explored a number of issues relating to internal stakeholders and internal forces in organizations. In this assignment, which will count for 15 per cent of your mark, you will explore an employee issue relating to diversity, and a consumer issue.

In Part A, a case study, you will examine issues pertaining to workplace diversity.

In Part B, also a case study, you will explore an important consumer protection issue—prescription medicines—and its impact on stakeholders associated with Merck & Co. You will examine forces and factors influencing decision making, as well as various stakeholder perspectives.

Part A: Instructions

• Read Discussion Case: Unauthorized Immigrant Workers at Chipotle Mexican Grill Restaurants at the end of Chapter 16, and answer the following two questions. You should demonstrate your ability to incorporate and integrate your learning from all aspects of this Module.
• Question 1:Is being an unauthorized immigrant a form of workplace diversity? How is it similar to and different from the other types of workplace diversity discussed in Chapter 16 of your textbook? (15 marks)
• Question 2:Which stakeholders, other than employers, are helped and which are hurt when an organization hires unauthorized immigrants? (5 marks)

Part B: Instructions

• ReadCase Study: Merck, the FDA, and the Vioxx Recall.
• Write a 2500-word, double-spaced report containing the following:
  • Section 1:Do you believe that Merck acted in a socially responsible manner with regard to the development and testing of Vioxx? Explain why and/or why not. (20 marks)
  • Section 2:Do you believe that Merck acted in a socially responsible manner with regard to Vioxx in its relations with customers and shareholders? Explain why and/or why not. (10 marks)
  • Section 3:Do you believe that Merck acted in a socially responsible manner with regard to the marketing and advertising of Vioxx? Explain why and/or why not. (20 marks)
  • Section 4:Do you believe that Merck acted in a socially responsible manner with regard to Vioxx in its relationships with government policy makers and regulators? Explain why and/or why not. (20 marks)
  • Section 5:Do you believe that Merck’s voluntary public recall of Vioxx was an act of corporate social responsibility? Explain why and/or why not. (10 marks)

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Advocacy Through Legislation

Identify a problem or concern in your state, community, or organization that has the capacity to be advocated through legislation. Research the issue and complete the sections below. For each topic that requires the listing of criteria, a minimum of two criteria should be identified and discussed. Add more rows as is appropriate for the topic/proposal.

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Nurses often become motivated to change aspects within the larger health care system based on their real-world experience. As such, many nurses take on an advocacy role to influence a change in regulations, policies, and laws that govern the larger health care system.

For this assignment, identify a problem or concern in your state New York, community, or organization that has the capacity for advocacy through legislation. Research the issue and use the “Advocacy Through Legislation” template to complete this assignment.

You are required to cite to a minimum of three sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

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HIST 1111-07
Instructor: Michael Epanchin
04/05/2018
Introduction Practice
Answer the following question as a ‘pre-essay’ along the same lines as the previous four
midterm questions. On April 10, 2018, we will discuss these in class. Participation in the
workshop will be equivalent to receiving full credit on the Response Paper Five assignment, but
not participating will result in no credit.
I. How did the Han imperial house centralize all of China into one imperial structure? You
ought to consider a variety of factors, including political and financial strategy, and ideology.
Did it succeed?

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 Application of Ethical Leadership

Policy and Program Development

Name

University

1. A. Purpose of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
   <Content>

A1.      Primary and Secondary Stakeholders
<Content>

A2.      Responsibility to Stakeholders

<Content>

B1.      Importance of Ethical Culture

<Content>

B1A.    Fostering Ethical Culture
<Content>

B2.      Ethics Audit

<Content>

B2A.    Value of an Ethics Audit

<Content>

C1.      Ethical Dilemma

<Content>

C2.      Potential Solutions

<Content>

C3.      Explanation of Choice

<Content>

D1.      Key Components

<Content>

D1A.   Explanation of Key Components

<Content>

D2.      Delivery Method

<Content>

D2A.   Justification

<Content>

References

C206 Task 2

6 Pages, double spacing

Essay format. Paragraphs, bullets are fine.

Sources are not required but if used, acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. APA format.

Task 2: Program Development

Introduction: As an organizational leader, one of your primary roles is establishing programs and policies that ensure the organization operates under ethical considerations and legal mandates. This responsibility includes informing employees of the organization’s code of ethics, communicating the code of ethics, providing training, and ensuring that operational aspects are administered in a legal and ethical manner.

In this task, you will assume the role of a leader who must decide what leadership power you will use to develop a strong organizational ethical climate. In your position as a leader, you will need to satisfy the concerns of stakeholders, understand the organization’s ethical standing, examine a code of ethics, and develop a training program.

Scenario:
You are a business manager or administrator of Paradigm Toys, a publicly held company. The board of directors has asked you to conduct an ethics audit of Paradigm Toys, a fictitious company that is a retailer and manufacturer of children’s toys, and report to the board the need for ethics training.

1. A. Purpose of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
   Explain (little more than the definition) the purpose of corporate social responsibility (CSR).

A1.      Primary and Secondary Stakeholders
Identify two primary (directly impacts company, ex. Employees) and two secondary stakeholders (indirect impact, ex. The community where organization is located and does business) that influence Paradigm Toys.

A2.      Responsibility to Stakeholders

Analyze two ways/things that the board of directors (as opposed to the company – Paradigm Toys) should do to meet their corporate social responsibility to the primary and secondary stakeholders identified in part A1. Two ways/things should cover all four stakeholders.

Reflect on the importance of ethical leadership by doing the following:
B1.      Importance of Ethical Culture

Explain why it is important for an organization to develop an ethical culture.

B1A.    Fostering Ethical Culture
Discuss the role that Paradigm’s leadership (top management) can play in fostering an ethical culture.

B2.      Ethics Audit

Explain what an ethics audit is. What are audit characteristics. How are they conducted, etc.

B2A.    Value of an Ethics Audit

Discuss the value that an ethics audit could bring to Paradigm Toys.

Develop the ethical framework that you would use (engaging in ethical decision making) if you were faced with an ethical dilemma by doing the following:

C1.      Ethical Dilemma

Identify and analyze an ethical dilemma (hypothetical or real) in a business setting (not personal). Talk about the context. Discuss the dilemma that needs to be resolved.

Note: You may also choose an ethical dilemma you have witnessed at your current place of employment.
C2.      Potential Solutions

Evaluate two potential solutions to the dilemma. Talk about the pros and cons of each solution.

C3.      Explanation of Choice

Explain which solution from part C2 you would recommend and why that solution would be the more ethical choice.

Create a proposal for implementing an ethics training program (training steps are not required.) at Paradigm Toys by doing the following:

D1.      Key Components

Identify three key components that you would include in the content of your training program.

D1A.   Explanation of Key Components

Explain why you would include the three components from part D1 in your training program.
D2.      Delivery Method

Recommend a delivery method (online, in-person lecture or presentation, role play, simulation, etc.) that you believe would be most effective for the training program. The three components can have same or different delivery methods.

D2A.   Justification

Justify your recommendation. Why the chosen method is most effective for the training program.

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for the research paper portion of your project, you will consider the commentary that your poem offers on the work’s contemporary milieu. In other words, you will consider the way your poem offers some insight into societal issues at the time of its publication. In the paper, you are expected to identify the poem’s central concerns and to complete the secondary research necessary to talk knowledgeably about the issues your poem addresses. Your paper will also need to include both primary and secondary support for your claims about the work’s stance on the issue it addresses. You should use the library databases and/or your textbook for your research. Another literary work will not count as a secondary source. If you use your textbook, you must use a critical essay that offers historical context. Remember, every research paper must have a central argument that is well-supported with both primary and secondary evidence in the body of the paper
A minimum of 950 words
1 primary source (your selected poem)
2-3 secondary sources (from a scholarly journal or your textbook)
MLA formatting (heading, title, 12 pt Times New Roman font, double spacing, in-text citations, and a Works Cited page)
Your essay should be written in third person point of view

Poem: Elizabeth Browning The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims Point
Textbook: The Norton Anthology of English Literature Introduction

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Student:

Professor:

Course:

Date:

Runaway slave at Pilgrims point

The early Victorian period marks a time when the society had various injustices including human rights. Poets often conveyed messages to address these vices. Elizabeth Browning writes ‘Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s point’ to protest the bondage exhibited towards African Americans. An oppressive law during this period indicated that if a female slave bore a child with a fellow slave or her master, they would not be exempt from racial injustice and harsh labor (Breen, 125).  In this piece, a female slave kills her newborn child and flees to Pilgrim’s Point where she talks about how her feelings lead to the present moment. This essay will identify the poem’s central concerns at its time of publication.

In line 120- 154, the slave describes the awful feeling when she looked into the child’s face. Keeping him meant that it experienced the ills of slavery where no freedom was accorded (Thomas,373).  This makes her commit infanticide by suffocating her son. While her choice may seem uninhibited, every slave faces limited options. In this dramatic monologue, the female servant has been separated from her lover and is raped by a group of white slaves. The poem emphasizes the sexual exploitation of women suggesting that this pushed women too into violence.

The poem also acts as a mouthpiece to women’s liberation, gender equality, and rights. The Victorian period marked an era where women would not indulge in politics (Johnson,47). In the same way, there was equality between males and females in all aspects of the society including the right to voting and education. The narrator reveals how women lost dignity in the face of slavery. While rape may be the physical aspect of representation the woman is not permitted to express her protest in public. She suffers in silence eventually killing her child. This was partly because the masters did not respect her social status as well as her gender.

Lines 71-77 reflect the woman’s love of a fellow slave. However, the relationship is terminated when White men murder her lover. The brutality of the slave system is evident in such acts as it showed the low position in which blacks were placed. Additionally, the narrator continually uses the phrase “we were black”. This shows they were not treated at the same level as the White people. Consequently, they would face persecution as a result of the color of their skin.

A black woman becoming pregnant is depicted as a shameful act in the poem. The narrator shows this in lines 126-128 where the reader is brought to attention about the anguish of the situation. The woman barely looks into her child’s face as she claims “it was too white, too white to bear”. Since the course of bringing the child was as a result of rape the woman expresses suffering. Even if the child was to live he would suffer from slavery. For this reason, killing him would be seen to be the better option. This ultimately shows the greediness of the slavery practitioners and what was considered a shameful behavior of delivering a child as a woman servant at the time.

Imperialism can be observed to be one of the central ideas in the poem. It depicts the suffering of the slaves and shows how their life turned out to be frugal in the hands of the Whites. In the same way, the mother seems to suffer racial tension as a result of bearing a child with a white man. The narrator observes that once she looked at the child’s face she grew mad. This is partly because she did not want to look into her master’s face anymore. The mother lets the black and white dichotomy get hold of her resulting in the killing of the child. In the poem the woman observes the child’s struggle as she suffocates him “he moaned and beat his head with his feet”. This act shows that she is portraying an imperialist attitude towards a white child making her no different from her captors.

Oppression is a societal injustice widely depicted in the poem. The narrator has been suffering in silence as her lover was killed by her masters. She has no right to love as she claims on page 92-98 “we were black, we were black, and we had no right to love and bliss”. As a result, Barrett Browning wishes to see the oppressed overcome their captivity. In the last stanza, the narrator observes that she is also waiting bravely for her death “I have floated along as if I should die of liberty’s exquisite pain. In the name of the white child waiting for me in the death dark where we may kiss and agree.” In this way, she declares to defend her position and suggests dying honorably. By including a jovial mood in her demise, she shows that the oppressed can take actions into their hands by robbing oppressors their satisfaction. In this way, fighting against the injustice is seen to be an honorable act.

Throughout the ordeal, the narrator considers the relationship between God and slaves. While the narrator observes everybody to be a child of God, she experiences difficulty reconciling with slavery. In the same way, Pilgrim’s Point is a symbolic sign of the hypocrisy that exists within its founders who were seeking for freedom from oppression but instead allowed slavery establishment in the United States ( Johnson,48).  The speaker says “I am black yet God made me, they say”. However, the abuse and cruelty she faces are inconsistent with such belief. She feels that the creator has abandoned them to be crushed beneath “His White creatures”. However, with all the injustice around her the narrator expresses hope as she notes that whether black we are all equal under one supreme being saying that “still God’s sunshine and His frost, they make us hot, they make us cold”. Ironically, it is evident that the pilgrims who left England to obtain the freedom of religion and who among their principles lay liberty are the same that would engage in exploitation of a fellow human.

Conclusion

Elizabeth Browning cultivates an efficient way by using poetry as a tool for social mobilization. In this way, she contracts the experiences of a slave mother who results in desperate actions to show the ramifications of human bondage (Breen, 126).  The narrator confronts the social injustices of slavery by depicting that she would be ready to die for a course. The experiences of the poem show the wide gap brought along by white domination and the reflection of suffering and anger as a result of slavery. The audience can thus draw knowledge to protest and make the possible change to amend such suffering.

References

Elizabeth Browning. Runaway slave at pilgrim’s Point

Breen, Timothy Hall, and Timothy D. Hall. Colonial America in an Atlantic World. Pearson, 2016.

Thomas, Helen. “20 The Slave Narrative.” Handbook of Transatlantic North American Studies 3 (2016): 373.

Johnson, Krista. “The Womanist Christology of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point”.” WHEATON WRITING: A Journal of Academic Essays 2 (2017): 43-48.

Greenblatt, Stephen, and Carol T. Christ, eds. The Norton anthology of English literature. WW Norton & Company, 2012.

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College research paper about the DACA policy. It will go through a plagiarism checker so please plagiarism should be 0%.

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How DACA policy changed the lives of immigrants

Introduction

The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals is an immigration policy in the United States that permits individuals who were illegally brought to America as young children to get a two-year renewable period against deportation. This policy therefore shields the individuals from deferred action from deportation and it enables them to be eligible to obtain a working permit in the US. The policy was introduced in 2012 by then President Barrack Obama although it should be noted that it is not a pathway to becoming an American citizen. Two months after it was announced on June 15, 2012, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) officially started accepting official applications for the program (USCIS). When he took power in 2017, current President Donald Trump initiated measures that targeted to bring to an end the DACA program. His administration’s plans to end the DACA policy have however faced a lot of challenges with different legal lawsuits that aim to stop the plans. Although this new administration wants end the policy, it should consider the positive impacts it has had on the economy and the implications on the same economy if it is ended.

Other than enjoying the benefits of having a work permit, recipients of the program can also be allowed to pay for school and even receive higher education, and depending on the state one lives in, they can obtain state-funded loans and grants, receive subsidized health care and drive legally among others (Mikilosic). There have been mixed feelings on the impact of the policy with some arguing that it has had adverse effects on various aspects of the country while others feel there are positive effects that have come with the program.

Background information into the DACA policy

Before we delve into much of the implementation and the effects that have come as a result of the program, it is important for us to understand where it all began and the reasons behind its initiation. DACA recipients are commonly referred to as dreamers, with its origin being the Dream Act which was almost similar to the DACA policy. Introduced in 2001, the Dream Act was geared towards creating a pathway for citizenship to its beneficiaries. The word dreamer is from DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) representing persons who fall under this category. The Congress engaged in failed negotiations on how to handle the dreamers for over a decade eventually leading to the formulation of the DACA policy in 2012.

Although the Dream Act never saw the light of the day in terms of it not being implemented, it managed to win the hearts of many electorates gaining widespread support and it has dominated the current political debate of the DACA policy. The Dreamer students were largely educated in the US and majorities were from Mexico and South America and thus the government sought to assist the young undocumented immigrants to obtain legal status (Sotolongo).

Establishment of the DACA policy

As stated above, the Dream Act was never passed to be enacted as a law and as such no progress was being made. The closest the Bill had come was in 2010 when it was passed by the House of Representative but on reaching the Senate, it fell short of five of the sixty required votes to enable it proceed to voting. It is believed that the failure by the Congress to pass the Bill as being the driving force behind its signing by Obama and implementation through Executive Branch memorandum. The president announced it on June 15, 2012 but it was officially established by the then Secretary of Homeland Security through a memorandum that was titled “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children” (Batalova & Michelle).

By June 2016, the USCIS had received over 800,000 applications for the program in which about 88% had been granted, 7% were denied and 5% were still pending. Obama sought to expand the program to so as to make more people eligible but received opposition from a number of states including Texas who took the matter to court (Moreno).

Eligibility for the program and benefits

As of January 2018, there were about 690,000 young people with DACA status in the US. For to qualify as a recipient of the program, there are outlined qualifications that should have been attained. Any eligible person must be below 16 years of age and below 31years as of June 15, 2012. The applicant must have resided in the United States continuously from June 15, 2007. The applicant must be at least 15 years old and are enrolled in a school, have graduated from high school, have received a General Educational Development (GED) certificate or have been honorably discharged from military service (Venkataramani & Alexander, 1707). Those who wished to benefit from the program were required not have been convicted of any felony offence, a significant misdemeanor nor multiple misdemeanor offenses or pose a security threat to the nation. As verification for proof for eligibility, applicants are required to submit three forms; I-765WS Worksheet, I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, and I-821D, Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and all relevant supporting documents.

When the program was rolled out, it opened the window for different states to offer different benefits to immigrants residing in their states. Before the implementation of DACA, only 3 states had granted unauthorized immigrants driving privilege cards or driver’s licenses. Once the program was started, all states issued this benefit to all DACA recipients. Other states now permit DACA recipients to also receive professional licenses such as law practice license. In terms of health care, some states such as California, Illinois, Washington and New York are now funding insurance health services to all children irrespective of their immigration status. Some of the medical services covered include Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program and tax credits. In terms of education, DACA recipients are now offered in-state tuition services in their quest to pursue higher learning.

Impact of the DACA policy

Health

There are reports showing that as of 2010, there were 5.5 million American children are born into a family where one of the parents is not authorized (Yoshikawa & Jenha, 3). Separation of the parents therefore in terms of the unauthorized parent being deported has been found to have medical issues on the children. Before the introduction of the DACA policy, these parents were living in fear as their future in the US was not always guaranteed thus was giving stress to their children (Venkataramani, et al 180). A 2017 science journal study however found positive results for children whose mothers were DACA eligible. The study found that the children were having improved mental health outcomes. This was also similar to DACA eligible individuals themselves with an improved psychological wellbeing.

Education

Part of the criterion for DACA eligibility is that of attaining a General Educational Development (GED) certificate and graduation from high school. Keeping this in mind, some research showed that attainment of GED pushed some immigrants to obtain the certificate so as to become eligible for the program. Some other recommendable research however shows improved education attainment in high school and college for DACA eligible persons (Talamantes & Sergio, 123). Another research finding indicates that with DACA, there was a decreased probability of eligible higher educated persons and an increase in likelihood to seek employment opportunities. This is suggestive of individuals seeking school enrollment when working is not a possible option in a scenario of lacking authorization.

Economic impacts

The announcement made to rollout the program opened doors for many unauthorized immigrants in the US as it was a step in making their lives better. Pre-DACA periods were hard for these individuals as the experienced a lot of challenges that limited their economic and productive capacity. Many of those who had graduated with good grades were not able to obtain corresponding job opportunities thus forcing them to opt for low-wage jobs. Some even lacked the opportunity to obtain studies as they would not access financial assistance for college thus limiting them from obtaining knowledge. This took a new turn after the implementation of the program as they now were able to use their credentials and get well paying jobs and better the economy (Gonzales & Veronica). Although some research has indicated that this opened way for limited opportunities for American citizens, some economists have refuted these claims.

The net impact is that the demand and consumption of American products, services and jobs will surge thus growing the economy. The skilled labor will increase local productivity which in turn will translate to more job opportunities created for more people to work. Some of these individual have also initiated their own businesses thus have also increased job opportunities in the market. The amount of revenue that is generated from all of these opportunities is worthwhile and great for economic growth (Wong et al).

Planned Rescission and its impact

During his campaigns, Trump was open in his plans to get done with the DACA program. In September 2017, his administration plans to phase out DACA and for the current recipients and halts any new renewals. When the Attorney General made the statement, he referred to Dreamers as individuals who were law breakers in America and who had adverse effects on the employment and wages of Native American citizens. He also attributed the surge in numbers of unaccompanied minors from Central America into the US on the program (Huber). These statements and the laid plans did not get a warm reception as many people came out openly to condemn them. DACA recipients who would have been affected by this turn of events took to the streets to air their disapproval of the new changes.

According to a report by Svajlenka et al, about 91% of DACA beneficiaries are employed across different states in the country thus contributing billions of dollars in revenue to the economy. About 6% of them have initiated their own businesses employing other American citizens. The same report further indicates that taking away the beneficiaries from the workforce will cost about $460.3 billion loss in GDP within a decade and reduce contributions to programs such as social security and Medicare by $24.6 billion. The CATO institute indicates that the government will have to spend at least $60 billion dollars to deport the recipients and another $280 billion will be incurred in terms of reduced economic growth if the program is rescinded (Bier). The government has over the years since 2012 increased capacity in institutions such as schools and hospitals so as to cater for those who benefited from the program. Ending it will therefore be a counterproductive action that will just hurt the economy.

The above statistics are quite important to monitor because it’s not just the recipients who stand to lose if the program is rescinded but rather the whole US economy (Trevino et al, 635). The three court rulings made so far in favor of the DACA program have prevented the Trump administration from commencing the rescinding process. As far as the ruling stands, the DHS will continue to accept renewals from applicants and process new ones.

Conclusion

When the program was launched, it targeted to help individuals who were suffering for what they had no hand in. When their parents brought them into the US, they were young and innocent and since then, they have probably known the country as their only home. The per-DACA era was not conducive for the unauthorized immigrants whose activities were limited. The post-DACA era brought new light into the lives of the recipients as it opened more opportunities for them to grow on a personal level, community and the country at large. Over the past few years, their contributions more so to the economy have been immense and we cannot ignore that and bring to an end the program. It is evident that individuals suffered from stress when they didn’t know their fate as they feared being deported before the policy was implemented. That however changed later. Rescinding the program will only hurt the US economy at the long run. It is high time alternatives were sought to the underlying problems and ending the program should not be among them.

References

Batalova, Jeanne, and Michelle Mittelstadt. “Relief from deportation: Demographic profile of the DREAMers potentially eligible under the Deferred Action Policy.” (2012).

Bier, David. “Ending DACA Will Impose Billions in Employer Compliance Costs.” CATO Institute, September (2017).

Gonzales, Roberto G., and Veronica Terriquez. “Preliminary Findings from the National UnDACAmented Research Project.” Immigration Policy Center, Washington, DC (2013): 33-58.

Huber, Lindsay Pérez. “Constructing “Deservingness”: DREAMers and Central American Unaccompanied Children in the National Immigration Debate.” Association of Mexican American Educators Journal 9.3 (2016).

Miklosic, Sandra. “Undocumented Students’ Access to Higher Education in San Francisco, Bay Area.” (2017).

Moreno, Yessenia. “DACA/DAPA and the Relational Conception: An Assessment of Inter-Branch Conflict Over Constitutional Authority in Immigration.” (2016).

Sotolongo, Michelle Monique. “In Limbo: Bringing Stability to Undocumented Students Enrolled at Institutions of Higher Education in Central Texas.” (2016).

Svajlenka, Nicole Prchal, Tom Jawetz, and Angie Bautista-Chavez. “A New Threat to DACA Could Cost States Billions of Dollars.” Center for American Progress (2017).

Talamantes, Efrain, and Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola. “Perspective: POTUS Trump’s Executive Orders–Implications for Immigrants and Health Care.” Ethnicity & disease 27.2 (2017): 121-124

Treviño, Luis Enrique Juárez, José García, and Eric Ruíz Bybee. ““The Day That Changed My Life, Again”: The Testimonio of a Latino DACAmented Teacher.” The Urban Review 49.4 (2017): 627-647.

USCIS. Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (Accessed 25 april, 2018). Retrieved from: https://www.uscis.gov/archive/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca

Venkataramani, Atheendar S., et al. “Health consequences of the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration programme: a quasi-experimental study.” The Lancet Public Health 2.4 (2017): e175-e181.

Venkataramani, Atheendar S., and Alexander C. Tsai. “Dreams Deferred—The Public Health Consequences of Rescinding DACA.” New England Journal of Medicine 377.18 (2017): 1707-1709.

Wong, Tom K., et al. “DACA recipients’ economic and educational gains continue to grow.” Center for American Progress, August 28 (2017).

Yoshikawa, Hirokazu, and Jenya Kholoptseva. “Unauthorized immigrant parents and their children’s development.” Migration Policy Institute. Washington, DC (2013).

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