Change blindness occurs when our ability to detect changes in a stimulus has interfered. Change in blindness takes place even if the changes occur at a gradual pace with no disruption. When it happens with gradual changes, it gets hard to detect compared to a case where the changes cause an interruption. Change blind is like a swift shift that occurs to our visuals, and we get left out without the awareness of whether those changes happened. What happens is that the brain is usually overloaded with excess information to process, making it unable to fully process everything and still monitor everything that occurs in the surrounding environment. (Josephs & Konkle, 2019)
The cognitive mechanism which makes change blindness happen is the cognitive part of the brain, which depends on attention and memory. The executive control over attention only consolidates information available at visual working memory, which is usually temporary. That means that if you stay without paying attention, you may not be in a position to notice activities happening around you. Once focus is cut from something, the visual may be fade because of the memory that stores such information is limited. (Diamond, 2019).
On the other hand, gradual change happens when the stimulus change while the person is observing is having a visual interruption of when the changes are happening progressively without any interruption. Gradual change has a powerful way of causing change blindness even though the changes are happening at the sight of the observer. The similarity between the change blindness and gradual change is that they both lead to an inability to detect the movement of stimuli. The difference between the two is that change blindness can happen without interruptions, while gradual change is mostly due to outages. Besides, gradual changes lead to change blindness but not the other way round.
The Stroop effect explains the underlying mechanism. It occurs when, instead of saying the name of the word, you say the color of the number. E.g., when the red color is printed on blue, and you must answer the color, not the word. It may take a while to think of the color compared to when you have to tell the color when green is painted on the green. That is a demonstration of the effects of interference that occurs during the time of reaction. The theories that explain the presentation are the selective attention theory, the speed of processing theory, and the automaticity. It aims at comparing the time that is taken for a specific reaction that consists of various parties.
Question 2
Preattentive processing refers to the processing of sensory information by the body. It happens before the conscious mind begins to focus attention on any particular objects surrounding the vicinity. The analysis of the visual appears to be divided into early preattentive level and later level. In the initial stage processing, the features get coded spatially in parallel. In contrast, in the later processing stage, it needs attention to be focused on being able to join up the separate elements to coherent objects. Preattentive processing is essential in changing and challenging jobs because it’s ready to perform rapid and accurate estimations in numeric in the case of a challenging exercise. The preattentive features guide attention, which can be stimulus-driven or user-driven. ( Feather, Durango, Gonzalez & McDermott, 2019)
Preattentive features produce texture segmentation and effective visual search. Although the process is somehow complicated, the characteristics of preattentive may provide asymmetries in a situation of a challenging task or dynamic activities. The conducted research remains unclear whether people can train for new preattentive features. The most significant feature of preattentive processing is its ability to perform. Engineers and designers should preattentive processing when designing things. People are guided by what they see therefore a consideration of visual perception is essential in design. ( Feather, Durango, Gonzalez & McDermott, 2019). Preattentive processing is necessary for human vision because it functions to process the external visual environment. The process is usually automatic. Engineers and designers of products should harness the significant elements of preattentive processing to deliver information reasonably. Strategies of engineering should get designed in a way that makes information more organized and comes up with designs that are in line with the brain of a person. If it’s against the brain, it may get hard for people to understand.
Products should attract the attention of people without much struggle. The preattentive processing features of visual include movement, form, color, and spatial position. (Schweizer,et,al) These features go along with feature detectors which are contained in the brain. The sensors detect an essential stimulus. Color is highly known for attracting attention. Therefore, engineers should have a good understanding of human visualization to make it easy for people to capture information by just a single glance. Systematic design leads to an optimization of the natural optimization of human visualization.
Question 3
Factors that led to the deepwater horizon disaster included the failure of the drilling rig, which were 18 000 feet deep, failure of proper sealing of the well, which led to imbalances in pressure but was not noticed in good time. The well was not under precise control. The cement which was pumped to the borehole to seal didn’t seal as expected, which led to the leaking of gas and oil to the pipe ending to the surface. The valves also failed to increase the pressure in the well, making it out of control. Some of the signal detection failures were pieces of rubber in the oil, but they conclude it as a failure of the system, then there was the popping gas through the pipe leading to the surface at the later stage. Also, the oil spillage was all over the water about some minutes before the explosion. (Bratspies, 2011). If the rig had a system that can detect gas to alert the crew and shut the ventilation fans to prevent gas from causing an ignition.
The blame concerning the disaster was on BP and partly the Transocean, which was the owner of the deepwater horizon. Injury at the tragedy of the deepwater horizon was on seventeen workers with eleven workers dying due to the explosion. (Bratspies, 2011). The mobile drilling unit exploded then it sunk in the sea. System design changes that could have saved the deepwater horizon and the loss of lives included;
Engineering controls – the crew t the deepwater horizon oil drilling should have informed other experts in the onshore or require for another engineer from BP company. The engineer in charge of the project should have been tested on the skills concerning the management of the machines in case of an adjustment from the expected procedures
Administrative controls– the management is responsible for managing the risks likely to occur during a project and organize all the requirements with the help of competent experts to prevent tragedies.
Personal protective equipment – the crew on the drilling point should be equipped with protective materials to help in saving a life during accidents. The apparatus includes fire protective equipment for each safety jackets and maybe oxygen for deepwater diving to help the people stay alive for rescue in case of an accident.
References
Bratspies, R. M. (2011). A regulatory wake-up call: lessons from BP’s deepwater horizon disaster. Golden Gate U. Envtl. LJ, 5, 7.(video reference)
Diamond, M. E. (2019). Perceptual uncertainty. PLoS biology, 17(8).
Feather, J., Durango, A., Gonzalez, R., & McDermott, J. (2019). Metamers of neural networks reveal divergence from human perceptual systems. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 10078-10089).
Josephs, E. L., & Konkle, T. (2019). Perceptual dissociations among views of objects, scenes, and reachable spaces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45(6), 715
Schweizer, S., Satpute, A. B., Atzil, S., Field, A. P., Hitchcock, C., Black, M., … & Dalgleish, T. (2019). The impact of affective information on working memory: A pair of meta-analytic reviews of behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Psychological bulletin, 145(6), 566.
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