BICD 100 FALL 2017 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #4 INSTRUCTIONS
For this writing assignment you are being asked to write an argument (claim, evidence,
proposed explanation) regarding Figure 2 and Figure 3 (pasted below with some background
info) from Alexandrov et al. 2016. Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer. Science 354(6312), 051417.
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6312/618
Your argument should address the following research question:
Is there a relationship between tobacco smoking and the types and frequencies of
mutations and methylation changes in cancers of tobacco smokers?
– Decide on an appropriate claim given the data and the context of the paper.
– Describe the evidence in the assigned figures that supports your claim.
– Provide an explanation for these results (connect the genetics/biology to the results)
All components will be evaluated for correctness and completeness (see argument grading
rubric).
If you use information from the papers listed above/below (or any others you find) be
sure to cite appropriately.
A second paper (Helleday et al., 2014) has also been posted on TritonEd as additional
background material that you may find useful for understanding mutational signatures.
Helleday, T., Eshtad, S., & Nik-Zainal, S. (2014). Mechanisms underlying mutational signatures in human cancers. Nature Reviews Genetics, 15(9), 585–598.
Maximum words: 450
Submission instructions
Submit your writing to Turnitin no later than Sunday Dec 10, 11:59pm.
This writing assignment is only due on Turnitin (via TritonEd) by Sunday Dec 10, 11:59pm.
BICD 100 FALL 2017 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #4 INSTRUCTIONS
Background information from Alexandrov et al. 2016 (you may find additional relevant
information in the paper):
“Tobacco smoking has been associated with at least 17 types of human cancer (Table 1) and claims the lives of more than 6 million people every year (1–4). Tobacco smoke is a complex
mixture of chemicals, among which at least 60 are carcinogens (5). Many of these are thought
to cause cancer by inducing DNA damage that, if mis-replicated, leads to an increased burden
of somatic mutations and, hence, an elevated chance of acquiring driver mutations in cancer
genes. Such damage often occurs in the form of covalent bonding of metabolically activated
reactive species of the carcinogen to DNA bases, termed DNA adducts (6). Tissues directly
exposed to tobacco smoke (e.g., lung), as well as some tissues not directly exposed (e.g.,
bladder), show elevated levels of DNA adducts in smokers and, thus, evidence of exposure to
carcinogenic components of tobacco smoke (7, 8). Each biological process causing mutations in
somatic cells leaves a mutational signature (9). ”
“In this study, we examined 5243 cancer genome sequences (4633 exomes and 610 whole
genomes) of cancer classes for which smoking increases risk, with the goal of identifying
mutational signatures and methylation changes associated with tobacco smoking (table S1). Of
the samples we studied, 2490 were reported to be from tobacco smokers and 1063 from never-
smokers (Table 1). Thus, we were able to investigate the mutational consequences of smoking
by comparing somatic mutations and methylation in smokers versus non-smokers for lung,
larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, esophageal, bladder, liver, cervical, kidney, and pancreatic cancers”
“We then extracted mutational signatures, estimated the contributions of each signature to each cancer, and compared the numbers of mutations attributable to each signature in smokers and
non-smokers.” (Figure 2).
“Differential methylation of the DNA of normal cells of smokers compared to nonsmokers has
been reported (28). Using data from methylation arrays, each containing ~470,000 of the ~28
million CpG sites in the human genome, we evaluated whether differences in methylation are
found in cancers.” (Figure 3).
Note: benzo[a]pyrene is a tobacco smoke carcinogen.
Please read the figure captions associated with each figure carefully.
BICD 100 FALL 2017 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #4 INSTRUCTIONS
BICD 100 FALL 2017 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #4 INSTRUCTIONS
What Students Are Saying About Us
.......... Customer ID: 12*** | Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐"Honestly, I was afraid to send my paper to you, but splendidwritings.com proved they are a trustworthy service. My essay was done in less than a day, and I received a brilliant piece. I didn’t even believe it was my essay at first 🙂 Great job, thank you!"
.......... Customer ID: 14***| Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
"The company has some nice prices and good content. I ordered a term paper here and got a very good one. I'll keep ordering from this website."
