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Describe the methods proposed to counteract the negative effects of chronic stress in How to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain.

SLP
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Continue your investigation of the effects of stress on brain function and behavior. Read more about the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex in these articles:
“How to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain” in Psychology Today
“Stress Effects on Structure and Function of Hippocampus,” by the Rockefeller University
Instructions: Answer the following questions in paragraph format to write an essay about the findings reported by these articles:
Introduction Paragraph:
First, do some research on how the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex communicate and result in normal behavioral response. You will begin your reading on the amygdala by following the previous link. After reading this section, click on the following link: several other structures in the brain to read about the interactions between these three regions. Briefly describe this pathway and the behavior that results from the interaction of these regions, using 2-3 sentences. This will help you to introduce the content that you will address in the sections below.
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Body Paragraph 1
Summarize the effects of glucocorticoids on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex reported in the article How to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain.
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Body Paragraphs 2 and 3
What effect on hippocampal cells have stress hormones had in recent studies described by Stress Effects on Structure and Function of Hippocampus? What effect have they had on the amygdala in studies? What are the implications of these effects? HINT: What are the functions of the regions and how might they be affected by changes in their structure?
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Body Paragraph 4
What is neurogenesis and where does it occur in the brain? What effect on the regeneration of hippocampal cells is reported in the previous article? What is the mechanism?
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Conclusion Paragraph 1
Summarize the effects of cortisol on this pathway by describing how PTSD can result from perpetuated cortisol release and how this can result in depression by activating and/or reinforcing depression pathways.
Conclusion Paragraph 2
Describe the methods proposed to counteract the negative effects of chronic stress in How to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain.
 
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  1. What physiological changes occur in the brain due to the stress response?Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently occurring in your life. Then, referring to information you learned throughout this course, address the following:
  2. Effects of stress – due today by 9am est willing to pay 30.00
  3. Question 1 1. Select the lobe of the brain in which the ​Nucleus Accumbens​ is located. A. The Temporal Lobe B. The Parietal Lobe C. The Occipital Lobe D. The Frontal Lobe 1 points Question 2 1. Select the lobe of the brain in which the ​Ventral Tegmentum Area (VTA​) is located. https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# A. The Temporal Lobe B. The Parietal Lobe C. The Occipital Lobe D. The Frontal Lobe 1 points Question 3 1. Select the lobe in which the ​Prefrontal Cortex ​is located. A. The Temporal Lobe B. The Parietal Lobe C. The Occipital Lobe https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. The Frontal Lobe 1 points Question 4 1. Select the lobe in which the​ Substantia Nigra​ is located. This is a Latin term which means a black-like substance because the neurons appear black-like. A. The Temporal Lobe B. The Parietal Lobe C. The Occipital Lobe D. The Frontal Lobe 1 points Question 5 1. Select the lobe in which the​ Striatum​ is located. The striatum has stripes in the neurons. https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# The Temporal Lobe The Parietal Lobe The Occipital Lobe The Frontal Lobe 1 points Question 6 1. Select the lobe in which the ​hippocampus ​is located​.​ This is not shown on the chart above. A. The Temporal Lobe B. The Parietal Lobe C. The Occipital Lobe https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. The Frontal Lobe 1 points Question 7 1. Using the diagram above to assist you, select the group of neurons that enable the brain to ​make​, actually ​produce​ ​the neurotransmitter, dopamine in the​ brain reward​ pathway​. A. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) B. Amygdala C. Prefrontal Cortex D. Cortex 1 points Question 8 1. Using the diagram above to assist you with your memory, select the group of neurons that enable the brain to ​make, actually produce the neurotransmitter, dopamine in the​ nigrostriatal ​pathway​. https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# A. Cortex B. 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Locate the midbrain from the following selection. https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# A. Temporal Lobe B. Cortex to the Forehead C. Frontal Lobe D. Parietal Lobe 1 points Question 12 1. A young lady by the name of Marion was simply enjoying a birthday party with friends when she experienced a feeling of reward that was unexpectedly​ frightening. Marion became high on something that was unknown to her. Using the diagram shown in the diagram above, select the neuroanatomic substrate or brain part where this brain reward feeling may have ​started​. This signal started at the bottom part of the brain reward pathway. A. Cortex B. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) C. Pons https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. Cerebellum 1 points Question 13 1. The​ Prefrontal Cortex ​is located in which part and section of the brain. A. Hippocampus in the Temporal Lobe. B. The Cortex in the Frontal Lobe. C. The Nucleus Accumbens in the Temporal Lobe. D. The Pons in the Brain Stem. 1 points Question 14 1. Which of the following ​neurotransmitters ​is the neurotransmitter most involved in decision making for taking marijuana. A. Saline B. Serotonin https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# C. Glutamate D. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 1 points Question 15 1. Select the pathway that is known as the ​brain reward ​pathway​. A. Mesocorticolimbic pathway B. Hypothalamic pathway C. Both of the above D. Parietal pathway 1 points Question 16 1. According to the ​Theory of Brain Reward​ that comes from an image in the Prefrontal Cortex, select from the following group of neuroanatomic substrates (brain parts) that shows the ​CORRECT order for the pathway of the brain reward signal. https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# A. Prefrontal Cortex to the Nucleus Accumbens to the Ventral Tegmental Area. B. Prefrontal Cortex to the Parietal Lobe to the Ventral Tegmental Area. C. Prefrontal Cortex to the striatum to the Ventral Tegmental Area. D. Prefrontal Cortex to the pons to the Ventral Tegmental Area. 1 points Question 17 1. According to the image of reward coming from the ​Prefrontal Cortex Theory of Brain Reward, select from the following choices, the​ lobe the brain that is ​most​ associated with brain reward. A. Parietal Lobe B. Frontal Lobe C. Occipital Lobe https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. Occipital and Parietal 1 points Question 18 1. Dopamine​ is made or synthesized (made from) which of the following compounds? A. L-DOPA B. L-Tryptophan C. Monoamine Amine Oxidase D. Norepinephrine 1 points Question 19 1. Drug Abuse and Addiction​ is ​most ​associated with stimulation of which of the following neurotransmitters? A. Dopamine in the Ventral Tegmental Pathway https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# B. Dopamine in the Substantia Nigra Pathway C. Saline in the Ventral Tegmental Pathway D. Saline in the Substantia Nigra Pathway 1 points Question 20 1. Neurons release neurotransmitters to perform a certain task necessary for the proper functioning of the brain, body and blood. Certain medicines that block the neurotransmitter, ​serotonin​, from going back into the synapse, are able to cause more serotonin in the brain. Select from the following list, two ​antidepressants​ that keep serotonin​ in the synapse helping to relieve depression. A. Prosac® and Zoloft® B. Xanax® and Ecstasy C. Saline and alcohol https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. Alcohol and sugar 1 points Question 21 1. Photographic ​memory is located in which of the following? A. The right hippocampus B. The left hippocampus C. The striatum D. The pons in the auditory pathway 1 points Question 22 1. From the following list, select the smallest scientific technology to study the ​brain ​of a living person. A. MRI B. CAT https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# C. PET D. BRODERICK PROBE® 1 points Question 23 1. The chronic use of one drug inducing a​ tolerance ​effect with regard to a second drug that has never been used before​ ​is named a certain kind of drug interaction. Choose from the following list, the name of this drug interaction. A. Tolerance B. Cross Tolerance C. Dependence D. Addiction 1 points Question 24 1. When one drug acts to ​double​ the effects of another, this effect is https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# termed, A. Cross Tolerance B. Addition C. Antagonism D. None of the above 1 points Question 25 1. When one drug acts to ​multiply​ the effects of another, this effect is termed, A. Additive B. Synergis m C. Potentiati on https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. Antagoni sm 1 points Question 26 1. Which of the following parts of the brain is most associated with ​brain reward? A. Nucleus Accumbens B. Striatum C. Hypothalamus D. Substantia Nigra 1 points Question 27 1. Which of the following medications is a primary treatment for Parkinson’s​ disease? A. L-DOP A https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# B. Dynorp hin C. Saline D. Prosac ® 1 points Question 28 1. Which of the following neurochemical or precursor makes the neurotransmitter, ​serotonin​? A. L-Tryptop han B. Dynorphin C. Ethanol D. Prosac® 1 points Question 29 1. When two drugs or medicines are present in the brain at the same https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# time, an interaction may occur. Choose from the following list, the drug interaction that occurs when one drug ​blocks​ ​the action of the other drug. A. Additive B. Synergis m C. Potentiati on D. Antagoni sm 1 points Question 30 1. A ​medication​ that can be administered for cardiovascular reasons sublingually ​is, A. Nitroglyce rin B. Saline https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# C. Caffeine D. Xanax® 1 points Question 31 1. Brain anatomy is divided into two ​hemispheres​, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. Select the hemisphere in which the photographic ​memory is located. A. Left hemisphere B. Right hemisphere C. Both hemispheres D. Neither hemisphere 1 points Question 32 1. Select from the following choices, the​ lobe ​anatomy of the brain that https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# is responsible for ​photographic​ memory. A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Occipital lobe D. Parietal lobe 1 points Question 33 1. The ability to remember ​faces​ is due to which hemisphere of the brain? A. Right Hemisphere B. Left Hemisphere https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# C. Both Hemispheres D. Neither Hemisphere 1 points Question 34 1. The ability to perform ​mathematical​ function is due to which hemisphere of the brain? A. Right Hemisphere B. Left Hemisphere C. Both Hemispheres D. Neither Hemisphere 1 points Question 35 1. Musical​ talent is generally associated with functioning in which of the https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# following hemispheres? A. Right Hemisphere B. Left Hemisphere C. Both Hemispheres D. Neither Hemispheres 1 points Question 36 1. Which one of the following routes of administration of a drug or medicine does ​NOT​ ​occur by injecting the drug or medicine into the body to enter the brain? A. Smoking B. Intravenous C. Subcutane ous https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# D. Intramuscul ar 1 points Question 37 1. Oral ​administration of a drug is performed by which of the following methods? A. Subcutaneous B. Intravenous C. Mouth, also in Latin, called ​per os D. Sublingual 1 points Question 38 1. A common way to inhale cocaine is through ​absorption through a membrane.​ Which method describes this route of administration of a drug or medicine? A. Sublingual https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# B. Intramusc ular C. Intravenou s D. Intranasal 1 points Question 39 1. Sometimes a drug or medicine can reach the brain faster when it is injected into a vein​ ​for entrance into the brain. Which of the following routes of administration describes this method? A. Subcutane ous B. Sublingual C. Intravenous D. Intranasal 1 points https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# Question 40 1. This course, ​Introduction to the Neurobiological Aspects of Drugs of Abuse ​has a focus. Select from the following list, the ​CORRECT answer. A. P​rinciples involved in drug addiction and the mechanisms by which these issues may be ameliorated and medicines for brain diseases are involved in these issues. The Syllabus and the Schedule show the focus of this ​Course information. B. Principles involved in drug addiction and the mechanisms by which these issues may be ameliorated. The ​Course​ does not involve medicines for brain diseases. C. Principles involved in drug addiction and the mechanisms by which these issues may be ameliorated. The ​Course​ does not involve medicines for brain diseases. The focus is written in the first line of your Schedule for classes. D. Principles involved in drug addiction and the mechanisms by which these issues may be ameliorated. The ​Course​ does involve medicines for brain diseases. The focus is https://bbhosted.cuny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_1383339_1&course_id=_1800525_1&content_id=_45395770_1&step=null# written in the first line of your Schedule for classes. This information is not in your Syllabus.
  4. Propose strategies that will effectively prevent (or at least slow down) the shrinking of Salton Sea.