End-of-Life Issues

With our framework of ethical
theories and principles in hand, we begin our look at some of the
critical ethical issues in our contemporary world, starting with
end-of-life issues. This assessment covers ethical questions related to
end-of-life care. Passive euthanasia is the removal or refusal of
life-sustaining treatment. Examples of passive euthanasia include
removal of a feeding tube or a ventilator, or forgoing a life-prolonging
surgery. Passive euthanasia is legal in all 50 states, and the
principle of autonomy gives informed patients the right to refuse any
and all treatments. Patients who are unable to make such decisions in
the moment (because they are unconscious, for example) might have made
their intentions clear beforehand with an advance directive or similar
document. Things become more complicated, however, when a patient who is
unable to make treatment choices has not made his or her wishes clear,
either formally in a written document, or informally in conversations
with family members or friends. Another problem concerns cases in which
there is disagreement about whether the treatment is sustaining the life
of a person in the full sense or merely as a body that, because of
severe and irreversible brain trauma, is no longer truly a living
person.

Active euthanasia, or assisted suicide, introduces further difficult
moral questions. A patient who has a terminal illness and who has
refused treatments that would merely prolong a potentially very painful
and debilitating death might want the process of dying to be hastened
and made less painful. The patient might want to take his or her own
life before the disease reaches its horrible final stages. Should
patients be legally allowed to have help in this endeavor? If suicide
itself is not morally wrong, at least in cases like these, is it wrong
for another person to directly help bring about the patient’s death? Is
it wrong for doctors, a role we naturally associate with healing and the
promotion of life, to use their medical expertise to deliberately end a
patient’s life if the patient wants this?

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your
proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment
criteria:

• Competency 1: Articulate ethical issues in health care. 
  • Articulate the moral issues associated with limiting life support.
• Competency 2: Apply sound ethical thinking related to a health care issue. 
  • Demonstrate sound ethical thinking and relevant ethical principles when considering limiting life support.
  • Explain important considerations that arise when contemplating limiting life support.
• Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly,
  professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of
  others and is consistent with health care professionals. 
  • Exhibit proficiency in clear and effective academic writing skills.

Preparation

• Case Study: Mr. Martinez. 

This media piece provides the context for this assessment; make sure you have reviewed the case study thoroughly.

Additionally, it may be useful to think through the following issues as they relate to Mr. Martinez’s case:

• Should Mr. Martinez be transferred to intensive care, where his
  respiratory failure can be treated by a ventilator, and by CPR if
  necessary, and his oxygen level can be monitored? 
  • What are the key ethical issues or models at play in this case study?
  • What are the key end-of-life issues at play in this case study?
  • How can an understanding of models and best-practice help to
    guide health care practitioners to make ethical and legal decisions?

Instructions

In a 2–3 page analysis of the case study, address the following:

• The patient’s directives.
• The patient’s quality of life.
• The family’s stated preferences.
• The moral issues associated with limiting life support.
• The ethical principles most relevant to reaching an ethically sound decision.
• Important considerations such as implications, justifications, and
  any conflicts of interest that might arise because of the patient’s
  respiratory failure.

When writing your assessment submission assume that doctors cannot
contact Mrs. Martinez and must make this choice on their own. To help
you reach an objective, ethically sound decision, draw upon concepts and
arguments from the suggested resources or your independent research.
Support your response with clear, concise, and correct examples, weaving
and citing the readings and media throughout your answer.

• Posted: 2 months ago
• Due: 16/11/2019
• Budget: $35

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