How does the theory help explain the situation?
How does the theory help explain the situation?Serving primarily as a foundation for the research essay, the synthesis essay requires students to explore their topic of interest through reading several selections
in their Dialogue reader. After summarizing specific arguments on their topic, and analyzing the claims of these authors, students are asked to reflect on key ideas
and demonstrate their critical thinking skills through the formulation of a working thesis related to their topic. Recommended length: 4-5 pages. MLA Format. Times New
Roman, 12pt Font. At least 3 academic sources needed.
Purpose: To summarize the claims of various authors on a specific topic and develop a clear thesis in relation to your topic.
Audience: An academic audience that includes the authors of the readings and other interested in the issue upon which you are focusing.
Questions for Consideration and Topic Exploration: After reviewing chapter 1 on critical and conflict theories, utilize these theoretical ideas to explain a current
global issue related to the food, fuel, or water crisis. How does the theory help explain the situation? What would Marx and Engels, Ehrenreich, or Weber (choose at
least one of the theorists) say about this current situation?
Chapter one
Marxist Theory
One of the most significant theorists in the history of sociology, Karl Marx (1818-1883) originated the conflict or critical approach (McClelland). His best-known
work, The Communist Manifesto, written with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) in 1848, explains that society is broken into a ruling class and a working class, and
inequality results from the ruler’s capitalist exploitation. Here, owners of the means of production exploit workers. Marx divided society into people who control the
means of production, and people who sell their labor to them.
By thus dividing society into two groups – bourgeoisie (boor-zwah-zee) and proletariat, or owners and workers – Marx and Marxist sociologists were able to explain many
social phenomena by pointing out the economic circumstances of society and of groups within society. The bourgeoisie’s aim is to maintain and increase control over the
means of production by amassing more and more capital. The proletariat, in the meantime, tries to find ways to sell its labor to the bourgeoisie.
[The proletariat is] a class of laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labor increases capital. These laborers, who
must sell themselves[…]”
“ Both classes also try to outsmart each other, by manipulating the law, committing crimes, and using loopholes. However, in Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie has the
upper hand because it controls money and the means of production.
A fundamental question to ask in any conflict theoretical matter is: who benefits? Who benefits from imprisoning thousands of Americans for non-violent, drug-related
crimes? Who benefits from giving mortgages to people who don’t have a steady source of income? Who benefits from athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs? The
answers to these questions show that there is a constant tug-of-war between those who control the means of production, and those who depend on them.
“Max Weber
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