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31. Describe the structure and function of the spleen, with reference to:i. White pulp, ii. Peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), iii. Red pulpiiii. Germinal center and follicles32. Describe the immune function of:a. T-cells and T-cell sub-populationb. B-cells c. N-K cells 33. specific markers for T-cells, B-cells and NK-cells34. Describe the stages in the maturation of B –lymphocytes from pre-B cell to plasma cell a. Gene rearrangementsb. Acquisition of cell surface markersc. Antigen dependent and antigen –independent developmentd. Activation of mature B-cellse. Plasma cell developmentf. Characteristics of plasma cellg. Surface markers35. Describe the stages of T-cell development, maturation and commitment in the thymus and correlate the acquisition of surface markers with the ability to recognize antigens: i. Gene rearrangements ii. Double negative thymocytesiii. Double positive stageiiii. Positive and negative selectionv. Apoptosis and its role in determining cell populations36. Differentiate T-lymphocyte subsets in terms of surface markers and function 37. Describe the structure of the T cell receptor (TCR) and its similarities to the immunoglobulin structure.38. Differentiate between the actions of T cytotoxic (Tc) cells and natural killer (NK–cells)39. Differentiate between third population or N-K cells and other lymphocytes based on:40. Discuss the importance of macrophages and dendritic cells in the induction of the immune response41. Differentiate between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity42. Describe the features of the primary and secondary immune response:a. The phases (lag phase, exponential decline)b. The first antibody producedc. The second antibody produces43. Describe the anamnestic response and correlate it with the ability to “boost “ immunization responses and immunologic memory44. Define and differentiate between a polyclonal and a monoclonal immune response.45. List and define the Class I and Class II and Class III antigens of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)46. Explain the inheritance of MHC system in humans including:a. Location on chromosomesb. Loci (A, B, C and D (DR, DQ, DP)c. Co-dominanced. Polymorphisme. Allelesf. Haplotypes47. Discuss the main function of the MHC proteins in the processing of antigens for recognition by T-cells48. Describe the structural components of the Class I and Class II antigens49. Differentiate between Class I and Class II MHC antigens based on: a. Tissue distributionb. Structurec. Function50. Discuss and correlate the role of the MHC complex in antigen processing and presentation51. Give examples of diseases associated with specific HLA antigens (e.g., HLA B27.)52. Define and differentiate between antigens, immunogens, haptens
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