References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printersrevised by Snooks & Co. 2002July 2014 1/12Referencing with HarvardWhen writing assignments you must acknowledge the source of your ideas and quotes in sufficient detail so that those reading can locate the item.Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and locate the cited author’swork. The “Harvard style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information used. There are many styles which follow the author-dateconvention, including the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based on an Australian style manual(AGPS style) now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002.Note: Before you create your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School.Keep in mind the following points:• Write down all the citation details of a source as you use it.• Place quotation marks “ “ around a direct quote and include page number(s) when quoting directly.• Insert brief citations at the appropriate places in the text of your document.• Compile a reference list at the end of the document that includes full details of all references cited.In-text citations:• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.• A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page. Page numbers mayalso be included if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.How to create a reference list/bibliography• A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sourcesconsulted for background or further reading.• A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the firstsignificant word of the title.• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.July 2014 2/12ContentsBook ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3Chapter in a book………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5Conference paper ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5Journal Article …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6Thesis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7Report ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7Web page …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8Table, image or diagram …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9Other internet sources……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9Patent…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10Standard…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10Map ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10DVD or Video…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11Dataset…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11Lecture Notes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11Personal communication ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12Indirect citation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12Direct quotation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12July 2014 3/12BookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of book – family name and initials Year of publication, Title of book – italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Single author
Sophisticated searching techniques areimportant in finding information (Berkman 1994)ORBerkman (1994, p. 25) claimed that …ORBerkman (1994, pp. 30-35) agrees that …
Berkman, RI 1994, Find It fast: how to uncover expertinformation on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.
Book
2 authors
… from an engineering perspective (Cengel &Boles 1994)ORCengel and Boles (1994) found …
Cengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: anengineering approach, 2nd edn, McGraw Hill, London.
Book
3 authors
… as previously demonstrated (Reid, Parsons &Green 1989)
Reid, DH, Parsons, MB & Green, CW 1989, Staff managementin human services: behavioral research and application,Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.
Book
4 or moreauthors
… neck pain caused by whiplash (Jull et al. 2008).ORJull et al. (2008) have argued …
Jull, G, Sterling, M, Fallah, D, Treleaven, J & O’Leary, S 2008,Whiplash headache and neck pain: research-based directionsfor physical therapies, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Book
No author
… already mentioned (Be, know, do: leadershipthe Army way 2004).ORIn Be, know, do: leadership the Army way (2004)there is an interesting example …
Be, know, do: leadership the Army way 2004, Jossey-Bass, SanFrancisco.
Book
July 2014 4/12
Multiple worksby the sameauthor
… geology of Queensland’s national parks(Willmott 2004, 2006).
Willmott, WF 2004, Rocks and landscapes of the national parksof southern Queensland, Geological Society of Australia,Queensland Division, Brisbane.Willmott, WF 2006, Rocks and landscapes of the national parksof central Queensland, Geological Society of Australia,Queensland Division, Brisbane.Order chronologically in the reference list.
Book
Multiple worksby the sameauthor, publishedin the same year
… geographically speaking (Dawkins 1996a,1996b)
Dawkins, R 1996a, Climbing Mount Improbable, Viking,London.Dawkins, R 1996b, River out of Eden, Phoenix, London.Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.
Book
Two or moreworks bydifferent authors
… rock formations (Dawkins 1996; Willmott2004)
Dawkins, R 1996, Climbing Mount Improbable, Viking,London.Willmott, WF 2004, Rocks and landscapes of the national parksof southern Queensland, Geological Society of Australia,Queensland Division, Brisbane.
Book
Book by anorganisation orinstitution
… in the case of an institution (AustralianGovernment Publishing Service 1987)
Australian Government Publishing Service 1987,Commonwealth printing and publishing manual, 2nd edn,A.G.P.S., Canberra.
Book
Different Editions
… the meaning of educational research (Pring2004)
Pring, R 2004, Philosophy of educational research, 2nd edn,Continuum, London.The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.This is not necessary for a first edition.
Book
Edited book
… some findings (Sjostrand 1993)OR… optics defined (Pike & Sarkar 1986)
Sjostrand, S (ed.) 1993, Institutional change: theory andempirical findings, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y.Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds.) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics,Adam Hilger, Bristol.
Edited book
Book Series
In defining permutation groups Bhattacharjee(1998) …
Bhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups,Lecture notes in mathematics no.1698, Springer, New York.
Book
July 2014 5/12
eBook
The number of molecules … (Kamal 2010)
Kamal, AA 2010, 1000 solved problems in modern physics,Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, viewed 3 April 2014, DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04333-8, (SpringerLink).• Enter the Digital Object Identifier (if available) in the DOIfield.• If the book was accessed via a free website put the URL inthe URL field.
Electronic BookAdd the name ofthe provider ofthe electronicversion inparentheses.
Chapter in a bookElements of the citation
Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter – in single quotation marks’, in Editor(s) – family name and initials(eds), Title of book – italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page numbers.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Chapter in anedited book
Bernstein (1995) explained intelligent trafficflows.
Bernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in Chen WF (ed.),The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp.231-61.
Book section
Conference paperElements of the citationAuthor(s) of paper – family name and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of paper – in single quotation marks’, Title of published proceedings which mayinclude place held and date(s) – italicised, Publisher, Place of Publication, Page number(s).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Publishedconference paper
Bourassa (1999) emphasised …
Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the InternationalSociety for Child Psychology, International Society for ChildPsychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6.
Book section
July 2014 6/12
Unpublishedconference paper
… estimating partner change (Bowden andFairley 1996)
Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the NorthernTerritory: estimations of effective rates of partner change’,paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June.
Conference paper
Journal ArticleElements of the citationAuthor(s) of journal article – family name and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of journal article – in single quotation marks’, Title of journal – italicised,Volume, Issue or number, Page number(s).
Reference typePrint/Online
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Journal articleswith pagenumbers
Huffman (1996) expanded on the theory …OR… uses for whey protein (Huffman 1996).
Huffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a foodingredient’, Food Technology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.
Journal article
Online journalarticle withoutpage numbers
… the discipline of art history (Donahue-Wallace& Chanda 2005)
Donahue-Wallace, K & Chanda, J 2005, ‘A case study inintegrating the best practices of face-to-face art history andonline teaching’, Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal ofComputer-Enhanced Learning, vol. 7, no. 1, viewed 30 January2009, <http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2005/1/01/index.asp>.
Electronic articlein EndNote
July 2014 7/12ThesisElements of the citationAuthor of thesis – family name and initials Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title of thesis – in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution issuing degree,Location of institution.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Thesis
Exelby (1997) described the process …OR… processing gold (Exelby 1997)
Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhDthesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The title is not italicised and is placed in quotation marks.
Thesis
ReportElements of the citationAuthor(s) of report – (person or organisation) Year of Publication, Title of report – italicised, Report number (if available), Publisher/ Institution, Place ofpublication, (viewed date, URL – if accessed electronically).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Report
… in Queensland waterways (Mortimer & Cox1999)
Mortimer, M & Cox, M 1999, Contaminants in mud crabs andsediments from the Maroochy River, Environment technicalreport no. 25, Queensland Department of the Environment,Brisbane.
ReportUse the institutionfield for publishername
Report withcorporate auhor
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, Childprotection Australia 2008-09, Child welfare series no. 47. Cat.no. CWS 35, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,Canberra.
ReportUse the institutionfield for publishername
July 2014 8/12Web pageElements of the citation
Author(s) of page – (person or organisation) Year (page created or revised), Title of page – italicised, Publisher (if applicable), Place of publication (ifapplicable), viewed date, URL.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Web page withauthor
… this agreement (Albanese 2009)
Albanese, A 2009, Fairer compensation for air travellers,media release, 29 January, Minister for Infrastructure,Transport, Regional Development and Local Government,viewed 30 January 2009,<http://www.minister.infrastructure.gov.au/releases/2009>.
Web page
Web page – noauthor
(Behaviour modification 2007)
Behaviour modification 2007, Viewed 31 August 2011,<http://www.educational.org.uk/behaviour.html>.
Web page withinstitutional ororganisationalauthor
(Queensland Health 2009)
Queensland Health 2009, Sun safety and physical activity,viewed 31 August 2011,<http://access.health.qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp>.
Web page
Web page withno date ofpublication
… it has been argued that emotional intelligenceis a combination of competencies (Bliss n.d.)
Bliss, SE n.d., The effect of emotional intelligence on a modernorganizational leader’s ability to make effective decisions,viewed 10 February 2008, <http://eqi.org/mgtpaper.htm>.
Web page
July 2014 9/12Table, image or diagramElements of the citationAuthor(s) of item – family name and initials Year of publication, Title of item – italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote –reference type
(Newton 2007)References are placed directly under the table,diagram or image.
Newton, AC 2007, Forest ecology and conservation: ahandbook of techniques, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
BookUse the relevantreference type forthe item you areciting.
Other internet sourcesElements of the citationAuthor(s) Year, Title – italicised, Type of medium, Publisher (if applicable), Place of publication (if applicable), Viewed date, URL.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Podcasts
(Williams 2011)
Williams, R 2011, New lab for ancient DNA: Science Show, Podcast,ABC, viewed 31 October 2011,http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2011/3345448.htm>.
Audiovisualmaterial
Blog Post
(O’Neill 2011)
O’Neill, I 2011, Could Kepler Detect Borg Cubes? Why Not,AstroEngine, viewed 5 October 2011,<http://www.astroengine.com/2011/05/could-kepler-detect-borgcubes-why-not/>.
Web PageUse the publisherfield for blogname
YouTube video
(University of Queensland 2010)
University of Queensland 2010, University of Queensland dugongconservation research, online video, viewed 3 December 2012,<http://youtu.be/m03-Xi-i0ew>.
Web Page
July 2014 10/12PatentElements of the citationAuthor(s) of patent – family name and initials Year of issue, Title of patent- italicised, Number of patent including country of issue.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Patent
… gas insulated transmission systems (Cookson1985)
Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulatedtransmission systems, US Patent 4554399.
Patent
StandardElements of the citation
Corporate body issuing standard Year of publication, Title of standard- italicised, Number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body,Publisher of standard, Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Standard
… steels are classified (International Organizationfor Standardization 1982)
International Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels –classification – part 1: classification of steels into unalloyedand alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982, International Organization for Standardization,Geneva.
Standard
MapElements of the citationIssuing body Year of publication, Title of map – italicised, Series (if available), Publisher, Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Map
… reading this map (Department of Mines andEnergy, Queensland 1996)
Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996,Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 geological series, sheet 8158,Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.
Map
July 2014 11/12DVD or VideoElements of the citationAuthor/Producer/Director Year, Title, Type of medium, Publisher, Place.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
DVD or Video
(Smith 2009)
Smith, S 2009, Excellence in teaching: lesson planning, DVD,Sunburst Media, Plainview, NY.
Audiovisual mediaAdd DVD to theType field.
DatasetThe below general elements may be included when citing data. Many repositories also provide recommendations on how to cite data.Investigator(s), Year, Title – italicised, Version (optional), Producer, Place of publication, Data Type (optional), DOI or URL
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Dataset
The data that goes with this article is available(Adams 2011)
Adams, T 2011, Wastewater treatment systems, 2005-2009, PlantSystems, Brisbane, Data file, http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/SYS5425.
Dataset
Lecture NotesElements of the citationName of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors Year of publication, Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Type of medium,Name of institution, Location of institution.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Lecture notes
(Johnson 2008)
Johnson, A 2008, Week 3 Pipes, PowerPoint slides, Universityof Queensland, Brisbane. Add ‘PowerPoint slides’ to the SeriesTitle field.
Book
July 2014 12/12Personal communicationElements of the citation
Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter or email should be documented in the text, but should NOT be included in the list of References.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Personalcommunication
When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr PeterJones explained that …ORThis was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995,pers. comm., 15 June).
Do not include in the Reference List
Indirect citation
An indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. Inthe list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNotereference type
Indirect citationor secondarysource
Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …… it was found (Miller cited in Agrios 2005).Add “cited in” manually using “Edit Citation”option.
Agrios GN, 2005, Plant pathology, 5th edn, Elsevier,Burlington, MA.
BookUse the relevantreference type forthe item you areciting.
Direct quotation• A direct quotation reproduces word-for-word material directly quoted from another author’s work, or from your own previously-published work.• If the quotation is fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into your paragraph and enclose the quotation in double quotation marks.• If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display it in an indented, freestanding block of text, without quotation marks. At the end of a blockquotation, cite the quoted source and the page number in parentheses, after the final punctuation mark.• If you have directly quoted words from a source (in inverted commas, or in an indented paragraph), provide the author, year, and specific page numberfor that quotation. (For material without page numbers, give the paragraph number.) Include a complete reference in the reference list.
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