HUMN 3981 Assignment 2
Feb 03, 2018
Part A: Short Critical Reflection: Synthesis of module
This module is divided into three sections:
- Section 1: Distribution of Wealth
- Section 2: Globalization and Regional Integration
- Section 3: The Consequences of Development
- Provide a synthesis of these three sections:
There is no doubt that industrialization and economic prosperity is the dream of every developing nation. However, economic advancements have come at a significant cost of environmental degradation. That’s a given. Is it worse in Latin America than it was in Britain? More on this topic before moving to a second topic. Globalization has led to rapid growth in both technology and scope of production. Where? Added to the burden of industrial pollution, the environment has to contend with natural disasters like forest fires that consume large portions of forest covers. Economic development is beneficial for job creation in any developing nation. However, it must occur within reasonable limits. Are you combining two topics?
Forests play an essential role in the ecosystem of the planet. They trap winds, which break and destroy property and plantation. They act as water catchment areas or rainmakers and subsequently improve the rate of rainfall formation. Every June, Brazilian wildfires consume vast and irreplaceable regions of the green forest. More than in California? Do not say the obvious. Compare or meause. By 2010, an area that is twice as large as the territory of France will be gone down in flames(Green and Branford 139). How does this compare with Portugal? An increase in the rate of growth of world populations has necessitated the development of new modes of production and enhancement of the already existing forms of agricultural technologies to meet the demand for food(Green and Branford 140). What has this to do with Latin America? The struggle to get land in the Americas reduced one type of pressure on the environment but introduced many others. A colonial gold rush mentality threatens the biodiversity of the Latin American region. Migration to large cities has slowed down, even though the outskirts of big cities like Mexico continue to turn into slums. You are jumping around forom one topic to another.
Industrialization and economic prosperity are both a blessing and a curse to Latin American countries. Although the Brazilian government is trying its best to contain the fire situation, it finds it impossible to monitor such a vast area of forestland. Dealing with issues like environmental pollution and degradation calls for measures that do not only solve the artificial causes of pollution but also touch on other natural causes like wildfires. Far too general. Take each section, summarize, then critique. 16/30
Part B: Essay
Question 4 Explain how the process of industrialization in Latin America has created environmental problems.
Air pollution has become a significant issue in many parts of Latin America in the last few years. Start at the beginning of the industrialization process in Latin America. When it began, how it began, how it compares with those who industrialized before. What are the benefits? Then deal with the damage to the environment. The major contributing factor to environmental pollution is urban development and industrialisation. What else could it be? That’s like saying the World is round. It provides zero information. Fuel combustion from static sources and vehicle emissions concentrated in the urban centres is another factor contributing to environmental pollution. Standards of air quality have been established in specific areas of Latin America. Some of the pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, photochemical oxidants, sulphur-dioxide etc.in levels that exceed World Health Organization guidelines; thus, the short-term and long-term adverse effects on environment can be expected. More than 26% of the population or 86 million people are exposed to polluted air according to the statistics of the World Health Organization. The process of industrialisation has created widespread pollution in Latin America, and this shall be elaborated in the following essay. This should be the last part of your essay.
At the start of the 20th century, the Latin American economy was mainly built on production and export of primary products. So when did it industraize? In the present century? It was highly vulnerable to changes in the world economy because it depended on the world consumption behaviour to survive. As do Canada and Australia. Dependency theory asserts that economic growth in developed countries does not necessarily lead to growth in the third world countries, and the Latin American regions are one example of this theory(Ferraro).It led to growth in Canada and Australia. The Second World War, the Great Depression and the crisis of 1929 led to export constraints. Try developing a historical sequence.
According to the IMF, growth remains weak across much of the Latin American countries with much of the slowdown attributed to inflation of the world market by Chinese products(International Monetary Fund). That’s the present century when growth was greater than before. The events forced Latin American countries to revisit their development patterns and strategies. In what way? Generalizations say nothingt of substance. All states were forced to stop servicing their debt.1980’s However, the industries and the people living in the cities frequently exceed the standards. Various pollutants have led to the formation of adverse air infections. There were significant environmental changes for a thirty-year period up to the 1980s.
The Latin American countries increased the areas of land allocated to short cycle crops. They increased the tract of land under permanent pastures. The urbanised regions were increased while areas covered by forest cover were reduced. Countries like Colombia signed multiple trade agreements and the OECD, which are bold steps in strengthening environmental conservation(World Bank). Changes occurred due to the widespread amendments in agricultural policies adopted by many of the Latin American states. Since the global firms could not get hold of the local market, they began importing parts and assembling them locally(World Bank). Economic growth drove development because of the expansion of internal markets. Stability was obtained through industrialisation policies. The need to feed an ever-increasing population makes it pertinent for the Latin American states to find viable long-term solutions to the perennial problem of changes in international export markets.
Development focused on the substitution of import products by the use of strong protectionist measures. Local industries were protected through tariffs, and, hence, international firms had to set up local assembly plants to penetrate the local market(Sunkel). Latin American exports to other countries across the world grew by substantial rates every year. The environmental effects that occurred in Latin America beginning from 1980s have not all been documented and are not entirely understood. Regarding natural resources, the Latin American region is well endowed. It boasts of some of the world’s most extensive forest covers and wildlife. The new strategies in production and economic growth came at high-cost implication on the environment. The environment was altered because of the need to accelerate growth and development. Increase in population created significant strain in the limited resources forcing people to look for alternative means of survival. Little research has been conducted to establish the effects of environmental pollution on the lives of the residents of Latin America.
Employment generated by the industrial sector led to rapid growth and development of the large cities. There was an expulsion of labour from the rural areas to urban areas. Rural regions experienced issues of land tenure as many people were selling their lands and retaining small pieces of land or becoming landless. The advent of new agricultural technologies expelled farmer workers forcing them to look for other forms of employment and other places for jobs. Migration to cities led to the development of marginal areas in the outskirts, which later grew to become major centres of environmental pollution. Although some indicators show an improvement in the quality of life with an increase in globalisation, the results are not consistent across the board. Some areas greatly benefit from rapid industrialisation, while other regions suffer from environmental degradation.
Overall, like in many other industrialised parts of the world, Latin American environment has paid a high price for the cost of infrastructural and economic development. The region’s rivers remain some of the world’s most polluted rivers to this day. The pace of industrial growth in Latin America has been rapid over the past century. The region boasts 12 of the most significant cities in the world with a population of up to 3 million. Beginning from 1975, the Latin American region became one of the largest consumers of energy in the world. The region consumed more than 175 million metric tons of petroleum. The process of industrialisation has created major environmental issues for Latin America, as is the case with many other countries of the world. The countries place their emphasis on foreign investment and development of industries and infrastructure. Factors that lead to pollution are interrelated, and this makes it impossible to predict the pattern the future is likely to take.
You miss the point of the essay. Firstly, recognize that no country has removed poverty without industrialization. Take environmental damage as a given and provide objective measures of how much environmental damage has been done relative to growth in jobs and incomes. Is Latin America doing a better or worse job compared to other countries like Canada, England, China etc.?
You need to explain industrialization, when it took place, how it took place, its benefits and then its costs on the environment. By jumping to its impact on the environment you are ignoring the poverty, diseases and deaths which would occur from starvation and lack of jobs without industrialization.
It creates more jobs than it destroys. Without industrialization the exploding rural population of Latin America would have no jobs and no way to feed their families.
Environmental damage is more of an issue for the entire world and especially for rich countries like Canada not countries where people are dying of starvation.
55/70
Works Cited
Duncan Green and Sue Branford. Faces of Latin America: Fourth Edition. A Land in Flames: The Environment. NYU Publishers, 2012. pp.139-155.
Ferraro, Vincent. “Dependency Theory: An Introduction.” The Development Economics Reader. Ed. Giorgio Secondi. Routledge, 2008, pp. 58-64.
International Monetary Fund . n.d., www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/WH/Issues/2017/10/11/wreo1017. Accessed 2 February 2018.
Sunkel, Osvaldo. Up for Debate: Dependencia and Protectionism in Hindsight. n.d., www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/ufd_dependencia_full.html#osvaldosunkel. Accessed 2 February 2018.
World Bank . n.d., www.documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/940691468184792587/pdf/101552-CPF-P155964-R2016-0053-IFC-R2016-0054-MIGA-R2016-0014-Box394872B-OUO-9.pdf. Accessed 2 February 2018
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