Advanced pathophysiology response 2 week 11

Advanced pathophysiology response 2 week 11

Title       Advanced pathophysiology response 2 week 11

Prefered Language style               English (U.S.)

Type of document           Essay

Number of pages/words              1 Page Double Spaced (approx 275 words per page)

Subject area         Nursing

Academic Level Master

Style      APA

Number of sources/references 3

Order description:

Please respond to Gayla post by Share insights on how the factor you selected my factor was behavior impacts the pathophysiology of the disorder your colleague selected.

Offer alternative diagnoses and prescription of treatment options for the disorder your colleague selected.

Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research and use the required readings for at least 2 references

Required Readings

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

 

 

 

Chapter 32, “Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems”

 

 

This chapter establishes a foundation for examining alterations of reproductive systems by examining the female and male reproductive systems. It covers the development of both reproductive systems and effects of aging on the systems.

 

 

 

Chapter 33, “Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

 

 

This chapter covers alterations of the female reproductive systems. It also explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

 

 

 

 

Chapter 34, “Alterations of the Male Reproductive System”

 

 

This chapter covers alterations of the male reproductive systems. It also explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

 

Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

 

 

 

Chapter 22, “Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract”

 

 

This chapter reviews the normal structure and function of the female reproductive tract. It then examines disorders specific to the female reproductive tract such as menstrual disorders and infertility.

 

 

 

Chapter 23, “Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract”

 

 

This chapter reviews the normal structure and function of the male reproductive tract. It then explores disorders specific to the male reproductive tract such as male infertility and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

 

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012b). Final course review. Baltimore, MD: Author.

 

Gayla post

Gayla Cragg

Cragg DB 11 Testicular Torsion & Gynecomastia

COLLAPSE

Torsion of the Testes

 

Torsion of the testes occurs when the blood supply to the testicle is interrupted by a rotation of the vascular pedicle (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Often one testicle may appear larger than the other. More often the left side is affected, than the right side (Urology Care Foundation, n.d.). The testicle often will turn red due to the changes in blood flow (Urology Care Foundation, n.d.). This swelling results in testicular pain and swelling, which does not go away with rest or elevation (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, and frequent urination (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Death of tissue can occur due to the vascular swelling (Rodway & McCance, 2017).

 

Testicular Torsion is common in adolescence. Possible causes include trauma, as well as the rapid growth of the testicle during puberty (Mayo Clinic, 2018). The Urology Care Foundation (n.d.) notes that physical activity does not cause testicular torsion, as it can occur in any position and during sleep. However, Fehér and Bajory (2016) noted that cycling could be a contributing factor due to the physical activity mechanism, as well as cold airflow.

 

There has been found to be a genetic cause, which is an inherited trait that allows the testicle to rotate within in the scrotum (Mayo Clinic, 2018). The exact genetic mechanism of testicular torsion is unclear. Fehér and Bajory (2016) noted that there are “suspected elements of a genetic origin, such as the insulin-like 3 hormone and its receptor, Rxlf2” (p. 2). Alireza Bolourian and Mojtahedi (2018) discussed that blocking natural killer cells in testicular torsion has shown some promise for preventing progression of the disease, which could prevent the loss of fertility if used in addition to surgery. Further research is needed in this area.

 

Testicular torsion can also occur in newborns (Rodway & McCance, 2017). The infant’s testicle is often hard, swollen, and discolored (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Surgery may be considered to repair, remove, as well as stitch the testicle to the scrotum to prevent recurrence (Mayo Clinic, 2018).

 

Treatment is through manual reduction, as well as surgery within 6 hours if a reduction is not possible (Rodway & McCance, 2017). This condition is considered a medical emergency (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Diagnosis is usually made by checking a urinalysis for infection, as well as a Doppler ultrasound (Rodway & McCance, 2017). The sooner a repair of the spermatic cord can be completed, the less likely there will be permanent damage which may include loss of fertility.

 

Gynecomastia

 

Gynecomastia is the “overdevelopment of breast tissue in a male” (Rodway & McCance, 2017, p. 876). This condition occurs commonly in “adolescents and men older than 50 years” (Rodway & McCance, 2017, p. 876). Often the left breast is involved when the condition affects one side (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Gynecomastia occurs due to an imbalance in the estrogen/testosterone ratio, which can “be idiopathic, or caused by systemic disorders, drugs, or neoplasms” (Rodway & McCance, 2017, p. 876). Heredity and obesity are causes of breast enlargement (Whiteman, n.d.).

 

Medications which can cause gynecomastia include spironolactone, digitalis, thiazide, tricyclic antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, diazepam, cimetidine, and anabolic steroids (Rodway & McCance, 2017; “Enlarged breasts in men”, 2018). Breast enlargement has been found in males who are transitioning to females utilizing estrogen therapy (Rodway & McCance, 2017).

 

Gynecomastia can occur in newborns, due to their mother’s estrogen levels; however, this condition resolves in two to three weeks (“Enlarged breasts in men”, 2018). Hormone changes can also cause breast enlargement during puberty, which will also resolve on its own (“Enlarged breasts in men”, 2018). If pain or nipple discharge accompany breast enlargement, pathologic causes should be ruled out (“Enlarged breasts in men”, 2018). Diagnosis is completed by physical examination (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Identification of cause will determine treatment. If medication is felt to be contributing to breast enlargement, an alternative medication should be considered. If breast enlargement persists, surgery can be considered (Whiteman, n.d.). If treatment does not resolve the concern, the patient should be educated on self-breast exams due to the risk of breast cancer (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Mammograms should be completed to monitor for breast cancer (Rodway & McCance, 2017).

 

Similarities and Differences

 

Similarities in these conditions include the prevalence in adolescence and newborns. Another similarity is the potential need for surgical correction in both conditions. Differences include that testicular torsion involves structural pathophysiology, whereas gynecomastia involves a hormonal imbalance. Another difference is that medication can contribute to gynecomastia.

 

Effect of Age and Impact on Diagnosis and Treatment

 

Both Testicular torsion and gynecomastia can occur in newborns and adolescents. Testicular torsion bears more significance as a newborn, as the testes may not be saved, which can impact reproductive development and fertility in the future. Whereas, testicular torsion in adolescence is a medical emergency. Swift diagnosis and treatment have the potential to allow for repair and the return of testicular function.

 

Gynecomastia has been noted in newborns, which is related to maternal estrogen levels. This condition resolves on its own. Gynecomastia can also occur due to hormonal changes in puberty. If pain or nipple discharge is noticed, pathology will need to be determined. Potential medication causes should be ruled out.

 

Physical examination and history should be completed to assess for symptoms, as well as obtaining family history (Rodway & McCance, 2017). Genetic testing will allow for the discussion of treatment options to prevent life-altering or life-ending complications in testicular torsion.

 

References

 

Alireza Bolourian, A., & Mojtahedi, Z. (2018). Blocking natural killer cells in testicular torsion may prevent autoimmunity against low expressing major histocompatibility complex class I germ cells. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 147(2), 128-131. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1705_16

 

Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia). (2018, March 10). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

 

Fehér, Á. M., & Bajory, Z. (2016). Review article: A review of main controversial aspects of acute testicular torsion. Journal of Acute Disease, 51-8. doi:10.1016/j.joad.2015.06.017

 

Mayo Clinic. (2018, May 5). Testicular Torsion. Retrieved August 6, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270

 

Rodway, G.W., & McCance, K.L. (2017). Alterations of the male reproductive system. In Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed., pp. 854-883). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

 

Urology Care Foundation. (n.d.). What are the Signs of Testicular Torsion? Retrieved August 7, 2018, from http://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms

 

Whiteman, D. (n.d.). Gynecomastia Surgery. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/gynecomastia-surgery