Explain the following questions in two paragraphs. (Each question in a paragraph at least) Define values and how they vary across cultures? Describe the challenges of management and leadership in organizations ? Note : plaes write a rifrances .

1. Values are the group of such principles in one’s life based on which one’s character is formed and judgment is based upon.
In terms of the values that vary across the cultures, it is to be first noted that there are certain Dominant cultures that express the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization’s members while there are also certain subcultures which could be regarded as the minicultures within an organization, typically defined by department designations and geographical separation. Hence in terms of implications, both these cultures impact the tolerance level of the people belonging to different cultures in a major way. Here, it is a rare ability to bridge such a perception gap which has already been rooted down into the beliefs of the people hailing from different culture. Further, the National culture has all more greater impact than the Organizational culture on the minds of the people. In certain culture, there is a facilitation of commitment to something larger than self-interest that enhances the stability of the social system. However, it may not get along well with that of the other cultures where social commitment does not form an intrinsic part of the culture. This is where the ideologies clashes between the cultures and there arises the challenge of tolerance.
Here, if the leaders need to be intellectually brilliant to ensure the diversity management within an Organization when the values vary across the cultures in a vast Organizational set-up. Further, when the Company goes international, the diversified team ethical issues are more critical to barriers to change and diversity which also comes in the way of welcoming or accepting another culture in harmony with that of one culture. The gestures and cultural characteristics are one culture may be complete inverse from that of the other, which may again pose as a barrier to tolerate other cultures. In some cultures, values are liberal while some are way too conservative hence arises the issue of tolerance to other cultures as well.
 
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