HUMN 3981
Assignment 3
Part A: Short Critical Reflections of Two Readings, one from each section.
Indicate which section and which reading you selected from that section
In Latin American hierarchies, economic and political powers were clearly distinguished between the economic elite and the military. How can I grade if you do not indicate the reading you are critiquing? This precisely occurred in such a way that the economic elites who controlled the economies of Latin America with their vast riches and investments relocated to their built large poor sentence, homes in the countryside. As such, the political agenda and ruling of the nations were left at the hands of the former military leaders. Hence, after achieving independence, most countries such as Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia disintegrated from the Great Columbia with political power disseminated among the military leaders who fought for the independence in the battle fields (Green and Branford 69; Petras para. 17). Ideally, such historical landmarks have come to define the political structure of countries in Latin America. For instance, it became the norm for leaders in the military to assume political power and subsequent ruling of a country through a coup (Petras para. 19). Hence, the book explains the changes in structure of the ruling regime in Latin America. It is also noteworthy that such political trends are not similar to those experienced in U.S. or across European countries since political leadership was not dignified for those with military power, but rather, the power was bestowed on individuals who were idealistic, pragmatic, and revolutionary. I have no idea what you are critiquing and you need two. 5/30
Part B: Essay
Changes in domestic and foreign policies There is no such topic. Select from one of the four essay topics provided. Looks like it may be the first topic. In future please use the full title. Must have tod you this before.
The major changes in the Brazilian domestic and foreign policies in the last two decades have focused on recovering and growing their economy. Using the changes in globalization to encourage foreign built factories to boost manufacturing. In the 1990s, Brazil’s foreign policy was restrictive especially when trading with other countries. Use the period from 1823 to 2000 to compare with the last two decades. The restrictions imposed by foreign policies include double taxation, barriers to trade, and excessive red tap amongst many other Restrictions. Very poor essay writing. However, in the last two decades, the country has restructured its foreign policy to be more inclusive in international trade and foreign investments. For instance, Brazil continues to focus on pursuing free trade agreements with other countries. Provide examples. Bilateral agreements have also been proposed to ensure that the country resolves the double taxation issues. Such changes were previously instigated after the Monroe doctrine when? that ensured economic independence of most Latin American countries (Madison 408). How is this a change in the last two decades?
Comparison of economic policies
In the 1970s, what of before? You are comparing 1823-1996 with 1997-2017. most U.S. backed dictatorships such as those experienced in Chile and Guatemala had to adopt economic policies that would guarantee the U.S. an added advantage in the global markets. Was this US colonization which enforced this? This was primarily done to protect U.S. investors, improve trade with the U.S., and eventually enhance America’s superiority as a world superpower. These countries were further subjected to forceful implementation of macroeconomic policies that aimed at eliminating budgets and trade imbalances even though most of the industrialized countries registered these imbalances without being forced to adopt the aforementioned corrective measures (Petras para. 13). Consequently, the two Latin American countries had to accept adverse internal adjustment measures, which had severe ramifications on these nations’ development programs.
During the 1970s, the U.S. through their supported military dictatorships also sought to impose neoliberal economic policies in Chile and Guatemala and ultimately eliminate any obstacles that these policies encountered. In this process, these countries had to undergo major economic reforms including increased in education costs, removal of subsidies on basic goods, rise in health care costs, and increase in value added tax (VAT) amongst others (Madison 414). Such measures ultimately had adverse effects on the poor and created an unfair competition among the local producers in these countries and those from foreign countries (Petras para. 8). It is also noteworthy that such economic policies that the U.S enforced on the countries in South America prohibited these nations from achieving economic liberalization. Instead, it plunged the countries into more debt as the nations became more and more dependent on the U.S. Additionally, given the economic ramifications that were associated with these policies, an alternative democratic government would not have implemented such policies.
Grassroots social movements this is a totally different essay topic, topic 3.
Landless workers movement in Brazil provides a peculiar example of grassroots social movements. Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) is a perfect example of a social movement formed by rural labor force in conjunction with other individual well-wishers striving for land reforms. The movement also strove to eliminate the social injustices and inequality that existed in the rural areas in Brazil. During the MST inception, the movement was grounded on the process of occupying large estates of land, and it later on came to be known as a national movement in 1984. The movement has successfully managed to lead more than 2500 land occupations, which was efficient in settling more than 300,000 families with over 7 million hectares of land won in this process of land occupation (Foweraker 2). Additionally, MST has streamlined its operations and organization to enable these families access education and health care as well as receive proceeds from agricultural production.
Despite these major milestones that MST has achieved in the last two decades, the movement continues to construct encampments, which are estimated to be close to 1000, for the purposes of holding thousands of families that are landless in Brazil. In addition, this group continues to encourage camped as well as settled families to continue to fight for their rights in all domains including in the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that the impact of this group on social development has been minimal since it has had less influence on policy making as opposed to its success in getting policies to be implemented (Foweraker 9).
Impact of economic policies on indigenous peoples this is topic 4
Economic policies introduced in the 1970s and earlier have sought to incorporate these groups of people into the development plans. This implies that they are as much as other groups of individuals affected by these policies. Gradually, the indigenous people have continued to receive larger shares of the national development budgets while international agencies have also been called upon to provide support or any required technical assistance, which would be supportive of these groups’ development projects.
Contrarily, other evidence suggests that in South America and precisely, in countries, such as Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru, the implemented economic policies have been more focused on identifying, demarcating, and registering all the indigenous lands. However, in periods succeeding the late 1990s, governments have revised their policies to make them more inclusive in such a way that the indigenous peoples have been allowed to participate in development processes of their own development programs (Davis and Partridge 4).
Regardless of the stringent measures established in the economic policies, there was still the need to protect the indigenous people’s rights. As such, rights such as the Aboriginal right to self-government has allowed these individuals the opportunity to manage their culture, health, and economic and political aspects (Davis and Partridge 2). Hence, these groups of people in Australia, South America, and Canada have faced the same fate of being provided an ample opportunity to control some of these aspects in their development programs as a means to protect their rights and culture.
If you chose the first essay topic what you needed to do was summarize the period from 1823-1996 when the US imposed colonization on Latin American countries with the last two decades when there is much less US control and more globalization and free trade.
Read the assignment instructions more carefully. 20/70
Works Cited
Davis, Shelton and Partridge William. “Promoting the Development of Indigenous People in Latin America.” 1999, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/873351-1111663716403/20600877/PromotingDevofIPinLAC.pdf. Accessed 10 February 2017.
Foweraker, Joe. “Grassroots Movement, Political Activism and Social Development in Latin America: A Comparison of Chile and Brazil.” 2001, http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/DC22E12D3F6AB4EB80256B5E004D27A8/$file/fowerake.pdf. Accessed 10 February, 2017.
Green, Duncan and Branford Sue. Faces of Latin America. Monthly Review Press, 2013.
Madison, Tom. “Reshaping the Monroe Doctrine: United States Policy Concerns in Latin America Urgently Call for Ratification of the International Criminal Court.” Washington University Global Studies Law Review, vol. 5, no. 2, 2006, pp. 403-423.
Petras, James. “The New Revolutionary Peasantry: The Growth of Peasant-Led Opposition to Neoliberalism.” 1998, http://www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/petras/english/newpeasantry170102.htm. Accessed 10 February 2017.
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