Week 11 lecture and discussion questions
Men’s health
Read chapter 18 of the class textbook and review the attached PowerPoint presentation. Once done, answer the following questions.
- Identify and discuss the major indicators of men’s health status.
- Mention and describe the physiological and psychosocial factors that have an impact on men’s health status.
- Mention and discuss barriers to be improving men’s health.
- Mention and discuss factors that promote men’s health.
As stated in the syllabus present your assignment in an APA format word document, APA required font attached to the forum in the discussion tab of the blackboard titled “Week 11 discussion questions” and the SafeAssign exercise in the assignment tab of the blackboard which is a mandatory requirement.
A minimum of 2 evidence-based references (besides the class textbook) no older than 5 years must be used.
A minimum of 800 words is required and not exceeding 1,000 words (excluding the first and reference page). Please make sure to follow the instructions as given and use either spell-check or Grammarly before you post your assignment.
Longevity and Mortality in Men
Rates of longevity are increasing for both men and women.
Gender disparity for life expectancy and mortality has decreased, but mortality rates for men remain higher than those for women.
Factors influencing mortality rates include race or ethnic origin, socioeconomic status, and education.
Males continue to be at risk for death resulting from unintentional injury and homicide.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Morbidity in Men’s Health
Men tend to perceive themselves to be in better health than do women.
Women are more likely to be ill, whereas men are at greater risk for death.
Incidence rate for acute and chronic conditions is higher for women than for men; injuries are higher for men than women.
Women have higher morbidity rates than men, but men have higher morbidity and mortality rates for conditions that are the leading causes of death.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Precursors of Death Frequently NOT Addressed by the Present Health Care System
Heart disease and stroke
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Type A personality
Family history
Lack of exercise
Cigarette smoking
Cancer
Sunlight
Radiation
Occupational hazards
Water pollution
Air pollution
Dietary patterns
Alcohol
Heredity
Certain medical conditions
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Men’s Use of Medical Care
Men do not engage in health protective behaviors at frequently as women.
Most men do not have routine check-ups, including screenings.
Men seek ambulatory care less often than women.
Men delay medical treatment are sicker when they do seek health care therefore they require more intensive medical care.
Men tend to have longer lengths of stay in the hospital than women.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Male-Female Health Paradox
Females are sicker, but males die sooner?
– Verbrugge and
Wingard (1987)
Male-Female Health Paradox (Cont.)
Biological factors
Genetics, effects of sex hormones, and physiological differences Influenced by genetics, hormones, and environment
Socialization
Men enculturate their sons to believe that risking personal injury demonstrates masculinity.
Men are more likely to change health behaviors when supported by female family members.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Male-Female Health Paradox (Cont.)
Orientation toward illness and prevention
Stereotypical view of men as strong and invulnerable is incongruent with health promotion.
Men lack the somatic awareness and are less likely to interpret symptoms as indicators of illness.
Men may have a desire to rationalize symptoms and deny their susceptibility to disease, thus delaying treatment.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Male-Female Health Paradox (Cont.)
Data collection on health behaviors may not be accurate:
Males are less likely than females to participate in the data collection process.
Social pressure for males to be less expressive (suppress their emotions) may help explain gender differences in reporting health behaviors.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nurse’s Responsibilities with Men’s Health
Use gender-specific interview techniques to obtain the most accurate health history.
Be aware of personal gender bias in data collection.
Be aware of the accuracy and interpretation of secondary sources of information.
Help men learn how to provide support to the caregiver or to develop a caregiver role.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nurse’s Responsibilities with Men’s Health (Cont.)
Acknowledge that gender-linked behaviors increase risks:
Lifestyle factors (e.g., use of tobacco, substance abuse, poor preventive health habits and stress, lack of emotional channels)
Men’s unwillingness to seek preventive care
Men’s unwillingness to seek health care when a symptom arises
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Barriers to Health Care for Men
Little effort has been made to create a male-specific health care climate
Access to care
Focused on maintaining an effective workforce
Financial support for curative—not preventive—care
Reluctance to take time off from work for care
Lack of health promotion
Disease prevention and health promotion not often reflected in a man’s perception of health
Focus on disease cure in the present health care system
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Men’s Health Care Needs
Permission to have concerns about health and talk openly to others about them
Support for the consideration of gender role and lifestyle influences on their physical and mental health
Attention from professionals regarding factors that may result in illness or influence a man’s expression of illness, including such things as occupational factors, leisure patterns, and interpersonal relationships
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Men’s Health Care Needs (Cont.)
Information about how their bodies function, what is normal, what is abnormal, what action to take, and the role of proper nutrition and exercise
Self-care: testicular and genital self-exams
Physical exam and history-taking that include sexual and reproductive health and illness across the lifespan
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Men’s Health Care Needs (Cont.)
Treatment for problems of couples, such as interpersonal problems, infertility, family planning, sexual concerns, and STDs
Help with fathering (i.e., being included as a parent in child care)
Help with fathering as a single parent, particularly with a child of the opposite sex, in addressing the child’s sexual development and concerns
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Men’s Health Care Needs (Cont.)
Recognition that feelings of confusion and uncertainty in a time of rapid social change are normal and that they may mark the onset of healthy adaptation to change
Adjustment of the health care system to men’s occupational constraints regarding time and location of health care sources
Financial ways to obtain these goals
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Primary Prevention Measures
Provide health education and screening in the workplace
Participate in interest groups and research focused on men’s health
Encourage interest in physical fitness and lifestyle changes
Include the male perception of health in policy formation
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Secondary Prevention Measures
Tailor health care clinics to men’s needs
Provide screening services for men
Dental examination: Yearly
Eye examination: Every 3 to 5 years
Blood pressure check: Every 2 years
Blood cholesterol check for men aged 53 years and older
Prostate examination: Every year after age 50; blacks every year after age 40
Colorectal screening: Every 3 to 5 years
Tobacco use and cessation information every year
One-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm for men 65 years old if the male has smoked
– The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2004)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Tertiary Prevention Measures
Provide rehabilitation with sex role and lifestyle considerations
Provide counseling on lifestyle, role changes, and job retraining.
Give men permission to express emotions.
Adapt goal setting to meet men’s needs.
Keep time away from work to a minimum.
Develop new concepts of community care
Provide specific services for men; adapt care to meet needs of male population in the community.
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